• Title/Summary/Keyword: 산지경사지

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Characteristice Study of Ancient Northeast Asian Lead Glass and Green Glaze Based on Analysis Results (분석자료를 기초한 고대 납유리와 녹유의 특성 연구)

  • Lee, Jihee;Kim, Hyunjeong
    • Conservation Science in Museum
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    • v.24
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    • pp.99-116
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    • 2020
  • This study examines the results of analyses of the lead isotope ratio and chemical composition of lead glass and green glaze from ancient Northeast Asia in order to suggest their production sites and reveal further characteristics. The comparison of the lead isotope ratio of lead glass and green glaze from two Baekje remains in Iksan-the Wanggung-ri Site and Mireuksa Temple Site-suggests that they were produced to the west of the South Gyeonggi Massif (Zone 4) using lead extracted from the same area. With a few exceptions, it has proved difficult to identify the production sites of most of the green-glazed roof tiles from Unified Silla-period Buddhist temples across Northeast Asia. The major component of the lead glass from Baekje, Silla, China, and Japan during the seventh century is PbO, SiO2, Al2O3, CuO, and Fe2O3, with a ratio of PbO and SiO2 of 70 and 30 wt.%, respectively. The green-glazed roof tiles excavated from a temple from the Unified Silla period have a high proportion of lead, ranging from 64 to 90 wt.%. Green-glazed lozenge tiles excavated from the Sacheonwangsa Temple site in Gyeongju were shown to contain PbO, SiO2, Al2O3, and CuO, a similar composition with lead glass. An experiment was conducted to reproduce a glaze according to the production method mentioned in the Zō hotokesho sakumotsu-chō (Buddhist statue workshop crop book) in the Shosoin Repository. In this experiment, an identical ratio of PbO was observed for Japanese green-glazed ceramics from the eighth to eleventh century as that found in Chinese lead-glazed ceramics excavated from kilns operated from the seventh to tenth century in Henan. This indicates that production methods for lead glass and glaze were shared across Northeast Asia.

A Survey on the Soil Environments of Alpine Vegetable Housing in Honam Area (호남지역(湖南地域) 고냉채소단지(高冷菜蔬團地)의 토양환경연구(土壤環境硏究))

  • Yoo, Chul-Hyun;Cho, Guk-Hyun;Choi, Jeong-Weon;Park, Keon-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.246-253
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    • 1988
  • This survey was carried out to obtain the basic information for the stable high yield of income-crops. Cropping systems, soil morphological and chemical properties were investigated. The obtained results were summarized as follows: 1. In Jinan and Jangsu, cultivated area of radish was 76.5% and.65.4%, respecitively, but in Unbong Chinese Cabbage, 71.1%, by second Crop. 2. In topographycal distribution, the mountain foot slope area in Jinan, Jangsu and Unbong was 69, 77 and 85%, respectively. In the distribution of elevation, semi-Alpine region in Jinan and Unbong was 85 and 69%, respectively, but Alpine region in Jangsu was 62%, of cultivated area. 3. Ploughing depth was 0 to 10 cm in Jinan and Jangsu, and 11 to 15cm, in Unbong. Gravel content class was 4th class in Jinan and 3rd class in Jangsu and Unbong. 4. For the distribution of soil types, normal upland came to 69.2% in Unbong, sandy and skeletal upland, 46.1 % and normal and sandy upland, 39 and 38%, respectively, in Jangsu. 5. The uplands soil classified as the 5th class, with improper for adequate cropping were. 6. For the chemical properties according to topography available phosphate $(-0.344^*)$, Ca $(-0.398^*)$, K $(-0.485^{**})$ and CEC $(-0.325^{**})$ showed the negative significancy with the elevation. 7. Among the variations of chemical properties by continuous cropping, the soil pH $(-0.491^{**})$ and the content of organic matter $(-0.434^{**})$, Ca $(-0.705^{**})$, CEC $(-0.512^{**})$, total nitrogen $(-0.559^{**})$ showed the high negative correlations, while the contents of available phosphate $(0.671^{**})$ and K $(0.543^{**})$ showed the high positive correlations, with the number of years of continuous cropping.

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A Study on the Meaning and Cultural Properties Value of Rock-Go-Board from the Viewpoint of Site and Location Characteristics (입지와 장소 특성으로 본 암각바둑판의 의미와 문화재적 가치)

  • Park, Joo Sung;Rho, Jae Hyun;Sim, Woo Kyung
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.44 no.4
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    • pp.172-205
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    • 2011
  • Go bears significant meanings in terms of cultural and entertaining functions in Asia Eastern such as China and Japan. Beyond the mere entertaining level, it produces philosophical and mythic discourse as well. As a part of effort to seek an identity of Korean traditional garden culture, this study traced back to find meanings of rock-go-board and taste for the arts which ancestors pursued in playing Go game, through analysis and interpretation of correlation among origin of place name, nearby scenery, carved letters and vicinal handed-down place name. At the same time, their position, shape and location types were interpreted through comprehensive research and analysis of stone-go-boards including rock-go-board. Particularly, it focused on the rock names related to Sundoism(仙道) Ideal world, fixed due to a connection between traces of Sundoism and places in a folk etymology. Series of this work is to highlight features of the immortal sceneries, one of traditional landscaping ideals, by understanding place identity and scenic features of where the rock-go-boards are carved. These works are expected to become foundation for promotion and preservation of the traditional landscaping remains. The contents of this study could be summarized as follows; First, round stone and square board for round sky and angled land, black and white color for harmony of yin and yang and 361paths for rotating sky are symbols projecting order of universe. Sayings of Gyuljungjirak(橘中之樂), Sangsansaho(商山四皓), Nangagosa(爛柯故事) formed based on the idea of eternity stand for union of sky and sun. It indicates Go game which matches life and nature spatiotemporally and elegant taste for arts pursuing beauty and leisure. Second, the stone-go-boards found through this research, are 18 in total. 3 of those(16.1%), Gangjin Weolnamsaji, Yangsan Sohanjeong and Banryongdae ones were classified into movable Seokguk and 15(83.9%) including Banghakdong were turned out to be non-movable rock-go-boards carved on natural rocks. Third, upon the result of materializing location types of rock-go-boards, 15 are mountain stream type(83.9%) and 3 are rock peak type(16.1%). Among those, the one at Sobaeksam Sinseonbong is located at the highest place(1,389m). Considering the fact that all of 15 rock-go-boards were found at mountainous areas lower than 500m, it is recognizable that where the Go-boards are the parts of the living space, not far from secular world. Fourth, there are 7 Sunjang(巡將) Go with 17 Hwajeoms(花點), which is a traditional Go board type, but their existences, numbers and shapes of Hwajeom appear variously. Based on the fact, it is recognizable that culture of making go-board had been handed down for an extended period of time. Among the studied rock-goboards, the biggest one was Muju Sasunam[$80(82)cm{\times}80(82)cm$] while the smallest one was Yangsan Sohandjeong Seokguk ($40cm{\times}40cm$). The dimension of length and breadth are both $49cm{\times}48cm$ on average, which is realistic size for actual Go play. Fifth, the biggest bed rock, an under-masonry with carved Go-board on it, was one in Muju Sasunam[$8.7m{\times}7.5m(65.25m^2)$], followed by ones in Hoengseong Chuiseok[$7.8m{\times}6.3m(49.14m^2$] and Goisan Sungukam[$6.7m{\times}5.7m(37.14m^2)$]. Meanwhile, the smallest rock-go-board was turned out to be one in Seoul Banghak-dong. There was no consistency in directions of the Go-boards, which gives a hint that geographical features and sceneries of locations were considered first and then these were carved toward an optimal direction corresponding to the conditions. Sixth, rock-go-boards were all located in valleys and peaks of mountains with breathtaking scenery. It seems closely related to ancestors' taste for arts. Particularly, rock-go-boards are apprehended as facilities related to taste for arts for having leisure in many mountains and big streams under the idea of union of sky and human as a primitive communal line. Go became a medium of hermits, which is a traditional image of Go-game, and symbol of amusement and entertainment with the idea that Go is an essence of scholar culture enabling to reach the Tao of turning back to nature. Seventh, the further ancient time going back to, the more dreamlike the Go-boards are. It is an evident for that Sundoism, which used to be unacceptable once, became more visible and realistic. Considering the high relation between rock-go-boards and Sundoism relevant names such as Sundoism peak in Danyang Sobaeksan, 4 hermits rock in Muju and Sundoism hermit rock in Jangsu, Sundoism hermit rocks and rock-go-boards are sceneries and observation spots to express a communication of worship and longing for Sundoism. Eighth, 3 elements-physical environment such as location type of the rock-go-boards, human activities concentrated on 8 sceneries and Dongcheongugok(洞天九曲) setup and relevancy to Confucian scholars, as well as 'Sangsansaho' motif and 'Nangagosa' symbolic meaning were used as interpretation tools in order to judge the place identity. Upon the result, spatial investigation is required with respect to Sunyoodongcheon(仙遊洞天) concept based on enjoyment to unify with the nature rather than Dongcheongugok concept of neo-Confucian, for Dongcheon and Dongmoon(洞門) motives carved around the rock-go-boards. Generally, places where mountain stream type rock-go-boards were formed were hermit spaces of Confucianism or Sundoism. They are considered to have compromised one other with the change of times. Particularly, in the rock-go-board at the mountain peak, sublimity-oriented advent of Sundoism is considered as a significant factor to control place identity. Ninth, including where the rock-go-boards were established, the vicinal areas are well-known as parts of Dongcheongugok and Palkyung(八景) mostly. In addition, many of Sundoism relevant expressions were discovered even in the neighboring carvings written by scholars and nobility, which means sophisticated taste based on longing for Sundoism world played a significant role in making go-board. The rock-go-board is an integration of cultural phenomena naturally managed by seclusion of scholars in the Joseon Dynasty as well as remains and essence of Korean traditional landscaping. Some rock-go-boards out of 17 discovered in South Korea, including ones in Sobaeksan Sinsunbong, Banghak-dong, Chungju Gongili, Muju Sasunam, Yangsan Eogokdong Banryongdae Seokguk, are damaged such as cracks in rocks or fainted lines by hardships of time and hand stains. Worse yet, in case of Eunyang Bangudae Jipcheongjeong board, it is very difficult to identify the shape due to being buried. Rock-go-boards are valuable sculptures in terms of cultural asset and artwork since they reflect ancestors' love for nature and longing for Sundoism world. Therefore, they should be maintained properly with right preservation method. Not only rock-boards itself but also peripheral places are excellent cultural heritages and crucial cultural assets. In addition, vicinal sceneries of where rock-goboards and pavilion spots are the representative remains of embracing prototype of Korean traditional landscaping and major parts of cultural properties.