• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2006

The antioxidative activity and the related parameters of hot water extracts obtained from 16 medicinal plants were tested. The extraction yield was the highest in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge $(36.49\%)$ pH range was $4.00\~5.92$ in all samples. Absorbance at 280 nm was examined to determine aromatic compounds content. The absorbance of $250{\mu}g/mL$ sample was the highest in Prunella vulgaris Linne var. lilacina Nakai (2.872) and below 0.5 in Cirsium maackii, Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge and Zizyphus jujuba Miller. Also, absorbance at 420 nm was high in order of Prunella vulgaris Linne vu. lilacina Nakai (1.312), Zea mays Linne (0.917) and Inula japonica Thunberg (0.725) Total phenolic compounds contents was the highest in Prunella vulgaris Linne var. lilacina Nakai $(5.07{\pm}0.05\;mg/100g)$ and flavonoids contents was 2-fold higher in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge $(4.82{\pm}1.16\;mg/100g)$ than the other samples. Electron donating abilities of Zizyphus jujuba Miller, Cornus officinalis Siebold et Zuccarini and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge were over $90\%$ at $1000{\mu}g/mL$. Reducing power had similar tendency to electron donating ability while reducing power was significantly lower in samples compared to BHT. Two samples (Prunella vulgaris Linne val. lilacina Nakai and Inula japonica Thunberg) were found to have more than $50\%$ nitrite scavenging effect at $500{\mu}g/mL$ while 8 kinds samples (Zizyphus jujuba Miller, Cornus officinalis Siebold 81 Zuccarini, Chrysanthemum indicum Linne, Prunella vulgaris Linne var. lilacina Nakai, Inula japonica Thunberg, Acanthopanax sessiliflorum Seeman, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Curcuma longa Linne) showed more than $50\%$ nitrite scavenging effect at $1000{\mu}g/mL$. Prunella vulgaris Linne var. lilacina Nakai showed significantly stronger nitrite scavenging effect than other samples, and its activity was $59.62{\pm}1.573\%$ and $80.58{\pm}0.300\%$ at concentrations of 250 and $1000{\mu}g/mL$, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.1 s.32
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• pp.207-210
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• 2006

${\ulcorner}$상한잡병론(傷寒雜病論)${\lrcorner}$에 나오는 양허증의 병인병리(病因病理)에 대한 내용을 종합하여 검토하고, 그 처방의 구성 약물과 용약 규율에 대하여 살펴본 결과, 양허증을 치료하는 상용약물로는 부자 계지 건강 오수유 생강 등이 쓰였음을 알 수 있었다. 임상에서 약을 사용할 때에는 장부의 생리적 특징에 근거하여 약물을 배합하여야 좋은 효과를 얻을 수 있다. 예를 들어 심양허(心陽虛)에는 계지감초(桂枝甘草)에 복령(茯笭)을 배합하고, 신양허(腎陽虛)에는 진무탕(眞武湯) 신기환 등(等)에 복령(茯笭), 택사(澤瀉), 백출(白朮) 등의 약물을 배합하여, 비양허(脾陽虛)로 인한 담음(痰飮)에는 계지감초(桂枝甘草)의 신감(辛甘)한 약성으로 화양(化陽)하고, 복령(茯笭), 백출(白朮)로 건비리습(健脾利濕)하는 영계출감탕을 사용하며, 심하(心下)에 수(水)가 정체된 경우에는 윗 처방에 사인 백두구 등의 온건비위(溫健脾胃)하고 성비소식(醒脾消食)하는 약물을 가하여 사용한다. 폐양허(肺陽虛)하여 폐위가 된 경우에는 감초(甘草) 건강(乾姜) 등을 사용하여 온폐복기하는데, 이는 ‘배토생금(培土生金)’의 의미이다. 간양허(肝陽虛)가 나타나는 경우는 매우 드문데, 위기가 허한(虛寒)하여 간(肝)이 소설(疏泄)작용을 못할 때에는, 오수유(吳茱萸)로 온위산한(溫胃散寒)하고, 인삼(人參) 대조(大棗)로 보중익기하며, 오수유(吳茱萸) 생강(生姜)의 신산(辛散)작용으로 간기를 다스리는 오수유탕(吳茱萸湯)을 사용하여 강역지구(降逆止嘔)하며, 혼(魂)을 수렴하지 못하여 생긴 실안(失眼)에는 산조인탕(酸棗仁湯)으로 보간(補肝)하여 치료하며, 간경(肝經)에 한사(寒邪)가 침입하여 근맥이 연급(攣急)하게 된 경우에는 지주산(蜘蛛散)을 사용하여 온경산한(溫經散寒)한다.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.78-87
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• 2002

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Ginseng Radix (Panax ginseng C.A. MEY.), Zizyphi Spinosae Semen (Zizyphus spinosa HU.) and Rehmanniae Radix Preparat (Rehmannia glutinosa LIBOSCH.) on the serotonin- immunoreactivity cells in the Caudal raphe nuclei, Rostal raphe nuclei and hippocampus of the mouse brain. Methods : The mice were stressed by restraining for one hour and treated with herbal medicine by oral feeding. The mice were killed after one hour and observed by electron microscope after immunohistochemical staining. Results : In the caudal raphe nuclei of the medulla oblongata, the highest number of 5-HT immunoreactivity cells were observed at the Zizyphi Spinosae Semen-treated group, while the lowest level among the herbs treatment group was shown at the Ginseng Radix group. In the hippocampus, serotonin-immunoreactive cells were expressed significantly at the CA3 area while the lowest level of it was shown at the control group. In the midbrain, immunoreactive cells were expressed higher than other groups, while observed at the lowest level in the control group. Conclusions : The extracts of Zizyphi Spinosae Semen, Rehmanniae Radix Preparat and Ginseng Radix show a certain degree of effect on the change of serotonin immunoreactive neurons as an index of nerve disorder.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 1993

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sedative activity of four aporphine alkaloids (APA) and nine cyclopeptide alkaloids(CPA), which had been isolated from the seeds (sanjoin) of Zizyphus vulgaris var. spinosus, and the fruits and stem bark of Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis. The assessment of sedative activity was carried out, employing a hexobarbital-induced sleeping time method in mice. When the relative sedative potency of sanjoinine-A(CPA) was given as one unit, those of nuciferine (APA), lysicamine (APA), chlorpromazine (positive control), and sanjoinine -Ahl (an epimer of sanjoinine-A) were 13, 6.5, 5, and 3, respectively. The sedatvie activities of other CPAs were much lower than those of sanjoinine-A and -Ahl, and other APAs were not active. On heat treatment, nuciferine and lysicamine were degraded into some artifacts which exhibited no sedative activity, while sanjoinine-A was converted into sanjoinine-Ahl which showed more potent sedative activity. These results suggested that nuciferine and sanjoinine-A were major sedative components of native sanjoin, and that sanjoinine-A and its epimeric artifact, sanjoinineAhl were the active principles of roasted sanjoin. It provides a scientific basis for heat-processing (roasting) of this Oriental medicine.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.41-51
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidative and anticancer activity of extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis, Zizyphus jujuba and Atractylodes macrocephala. Methods : Three kinds of medicinal herbs were extracted with distilled water and 70% ethanol, and the extracts were tested for their antioxidant activity and growth inhibition activity against cancer cells. Results : Electron donating abilities (EDA) of the water and ethanol extract from Zizyphus jujuba and Atractylodes macrocephala were over than 87% at 1,000 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The highest nitrite scavenging abilities (NSA) of the water and ethanol extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis were 68.9 and 79.2% at 1,000 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Atractylodes macrocephala extracts had shown the highest growth inhibition activity against both of MDA and A549 cells and the water extract had higher activity than ethanol extract. Conclusions : These results suggest that the extracts of medicinal herbs used for this experiment had specific biological activity and they can be used as natural antioxidant to prevent oxidative damage in normal cells.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.1149-1154
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• 2006

Repeated administration of all addictive drugs, including nicotine, can produce sensitization of extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens and behavioral sensitization in rat, as evidenced by an enhanced locomotor response and increased dopamine release in brain to a subsequent injection of the drug. In order to investigate the effect of Zizyphus jujuba extract on repeated nicotin-induced sensitization, rats were given repeated injection of saline or nicotine (0.4 mg/kg s.c., twice a day for 7 d), followed by one challenge injection on the 4th day after the last daily injection. Systemic challenge with nicotine (0.4 mg/kg s.c.) and a direct local challenge of 3 mM a larger increase in locomotor activity and extracellular dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in nicotine-pretreated rats than in saline-pretreated rats, respectively. Zizyphus jujuba extract significantly decreases locomotor activitiy and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens induced by a nicotine challenge. These results suggest that Zizyphus jujuba extract may attenuate nicotine-induced neurochemical and behavioral sensitization and may be effective in suppressing compulsive nicotine-seeking behavior.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.467-476
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• 2017

Volcanic rocks related to the Guamsan cadera, which find in the southeastern Cheongsong, are divided into Volcanic breccia, Guamsan Tuff and Post-collapse intrusions. We determined their eruption, intrusion and caldera-forming timings based on SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating. The dating results yield earlier eruption age of $63.77{\pm}0.94Ma$ from the lower ash-flow tuff and an later eruption age of $60.1{\pm}1.8Ma$ from the upper ash-flow tuff of the Guamsam Tuff, and intrusion age of $60.65{\pm}0.95Ma$ from the rhyolite ring dyke of the Post-collapse intrusions. The age data suggest that the Guamsan caldera is formed in 60.65~60.1 Ma between eruption of the upper ash-flow tuff and intrusion of the rhyolite ring dyke. The Guamsan cadera exhibits the volcanic processes of a perfect igneous cycle passing from ash-flow eruptions through caldera collapse to ring intrusions during 63.77~60.1 Ma.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.742-746
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• 2009

The proximate compositions of Opuntia ficus indica fruits from Shinan were moisture 71.18%, crude protein 1.69%, crude ash 0.93%, crude fat 0.55%, crude fiber 1.54% and 24.11% nitrogen free extracts. And the proxmate compositions of Opuntia ficus indica stem were moisture 74.85%, crude protein 3.48%, crude ash 0.54%, crude fat 0.48%, crude fiber 2.58% and 18.07% nitrogen free extracts. The crude protein and crude fiber content of Opuntia ficus indica stem from Shinan were higher than those of fruit. The contents of fructose, sucrose and glucose were higher than maltose. As the result of organic acid, the content of citric acid was higher than malic acid and tartaric acid. As a result of mineral analysis, the contents of potassium was the highest among the minerals in Opuntia ficus indica from Shinan. Analysis of total amino acids in Opuntia ficus indica from Shinan. The contents of total amino acid of fruit and stem were 1,604.64 mg% and 3,245.98 mg% and the free amino acid contents of fruit and stem were 556.02 mg% and 1,101.35 mg%, respectively. The major components of total amino acids were glutamic acid, proline and threonine. The levels of total amino acids and free amino acids in Opuntia ficus indica stem were higher than those in its fruit.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2007

In different approaches were extracted from evening primrose seed by supercritical fluids carbon dioxide and for comparison with hexane as solvent. The extracts have been analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively to evaluate yield and selectivity of ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid. The yields extracts with supercritical fluids carbon dioxide were higher than those with hexane. When this process produces commercially, will get a many economic profit.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.203-207
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• 1981

The acute toxicity and sedative activity of flavonoids and saponin isolated from Zizyphus seeds have been evaluated in mice. All the compounds elicited potentiation of hexobarbital-induced hypnosis, inhibition of ladder-climbing and caffeine-induced hyperactivity. Swertisin was the most potent of all flavonoids tested. The potency of saponin in these tests was found to be higher than that of swertisin. The activities in rotarod test and electroshock seizure test, on the other hand, were relatively weak or nil. From these findings it was suggested that flavonoids and saponin from Zizyphus seeds have neuroleptic activity without anticonvulsant or muscle relaxant activity accompanied by neurological deficit.