• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.3 s.55
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• pp.182-189
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• 1999

For the determination of anti oxidative effects of Korean red ginseng extracts, 100 mg/kg body weight of paraquat(1,1-dimethyl-4,4-bipyrimidinium dichloride) was injected to peritoneal cavity of 6 weeks 23-27 g of ICR mail mice which were pretreated with 200 mg/kg body weight of korean red ginseng extracts(total saponin, water extracts, alcohol extracts, lipophilic extracts) and ascorbic acid for 5 days. Most of mice died of paraquat toxicity within 4 days except only $30\%$ of ascorbic acid group. The hepatic total-SOD activity in liver was highest in ascorbic acid group and lipophilic ginseng extracts group next (p<0.0l). The level of hepatic hydroperoxide was lowest in the order of in alcohol extracts group, lipophilic extracts group and ascorbic acid group (p<0.0l). The highest catalase activity was induced by ascorbic acid followed by water extracts and lipophillic extracts (p<0.01). Finally, the lipid peroxidation level (malondialdehyde:MDA) was the lowest in water extracts group and ascorbic acid next (p<0.01). The highest MDA level was appeared in praquat group and next total saponin group next. In conclusion, the order of effectiveness of antioxidants was found to be ginseng water extracts> ascorbic acid> lipophillic extracts> other ginseng extracts. It was also found that any predominant antioxidant was not effective evenly to all of antioxidant test.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1092-1098
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• 2011

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of ${\beta}$-carotene on the antioxidant system of rats with diabetes. Forty Sprague Dawley rats were fed the AIN-76 control diet or the same diet supplemented with ${\beta}$-carotene (7.2 mg/kg diet) for 3 weeks, then diabetes was induced in half the rats by administering streptozotocin (45 mg/kg BW) into the femoral muscle. Diabetic and normal rats were fed the experimental diets for 2 more weeks. To investigate the effect of dietary ${\beta}$-carotene on diabetes, the activities of antioxidative enzymes and glutathione concentration were determined in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The plasma glucose levels in diabetic rats were not influenced by the dietary supplementation of ${\beta}$-carotene. Hepatic activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in diabetic rats were significantly lower than those of control rats but ${\beta}$-carotene tended to induce these activities. Glutathione-S-transferase activity was not significantly different between experimental groups. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity was induced in diabetic rats, but dietary supplementation of ${\beta}$-carotene reduced this activity. The hepatic concentration of reduced glutathione in diabetic rats was lower than that of control rats, but dietary supplementation with ${\beta}$-carotene restored the content to some extent. These data suggest that diabetic rats are exposed to increased oxidative stress and that dietary supplementation with ${\beta}$-carotene may reduce its detrimental effects.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.556-563
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• 2007

We carried out a laboratory scale experiment about the characteristics of chemically active species produced in hybrid gas-liquid discharges. The electrode configuration which had high voltage electrode in the gas phase and ground electrode in the liquid was utilized while high voltage electrode has been typically positioned in the liquid in other studies. Our electrode was configured in such a way as to increase the energy efficiency of chemical reactions by creating a higher electrical field strength and a narrower pulse width than the typical electrode configuration. The highest ozone concentration was obtained at 45 kV which was the medium value in operating voltages. The decrease of solution conductivity increased the resistance of liquid phase and the electric field strength through the gas phase, so ozone gene-ration rate was enhanced. The increase of voltage promoted the production rate of hydrogen peroxide by increasing the electric field strength. In a lower voltage, the increase of solution conductivity increased the degradation rate of $H_2O_2$, so the $H_2O_2$ generation rate decreased. On the other hand, the effects of UV radiation, shock waves etc. increased the $H_2O_2$ generation rate as the solution conductivity increased. A higher rate of $H_2O_2$ generation can be achieved by mixing argon to oxygen which generates a stronger and more stable discharges.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 2013

Of all the brominated flame retardants (BFRs), TBBPA has the largest production volume (50% of the BFRs in current use). It is interest to investigate how they may degrade, because of it can pose an environmental hazard. By using UV-A (${\lambda}=352nm$ ), we have found that the UV-A irradiation increased the photodecomposition reaction rate of TBBPA in an intensity-dependent manner. We also observed 2,6-dibromo-p-benzosemiquinone radical ($a_{2H}=2.36G$, g = 2.0056) generated from TBBPA by reaction with singlet oxygen ($^1O_2$). On the other hand, when an aqueous preparation of HA was irradiated in the presence of TBBPA, the typical spectrum of semiquinone radical was detected by electron spin resonance (ESR). And then, we have found that the photodecomposition rate of TBBPA is decreased in depend on HA concentration. Radical formation and the reactive rate of TBBPA were inhibited by sodium azide used as a singlet oxygen quencher. Therefore we report that a similar $^1O_2$-induced oxidation can be initiate in aqueous solutions of TBBPA dissolved in humic acid (HA) by the UV-A irradiation (${\lambda}=352nm$). From these results, we suggest that the reaction rate of HA with $^1O_2$ is faster than that of TBBPA with $^1O_2$.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.85-96
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• 2015

Forsythia fructus has been shown to have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-aging and whitening effects. This work was carried out to investigate the anti-aging effects of Forsythia viridissima-prescription extracts (Yeongyoseungma-tang, Gamiyeongyoseungma-tang, Hoechunyangkyeok-san) on skin. Skin anti-aging effect of Forsythia viridissima-prescription extracts (Yeongyoseungma-tang, Gamiyeongyoseungma-tang, Hoechunyangkyeok-san) was evaluated by using antioxidant assay, anti-glycation activity, inhibitory effect of tyrosinase activity, expression of type I procollagen and UVA-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 on HS68 cells, and reduction of ${\alpha}$-MSH-induced melanin on B16F1 cells. Forsythia viridissima-prescription extracts showed anti-oxidative and anti-glycation activity. The pectinex hydrolysed extract from Yeongyoseungma-tang 75% EtOH extract and Gamiyeongyoseungma-tang 75% EtOH extract increased the type I procollagen synthesis, and decreased the UVA-induced MMP-1 expression on HS68 cells. The pectinex hydrolysed extracts of Hoechunyangkyeok-san 75% EtOH extract had the inhibitory effect of melanin synthesis on B16F1 cells. Based on these results, we suggest that Forsythia viridissima-prescription extracts may be useful as a potential source of functional anti-aging cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.235-244
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• 2019

This study examined the neurotoxicity of aluminum sulfate (AS), an environmental pollutant, and the protective effect of Phrymaleptostachya var. asiatica HARA (PLVAH) extract on the neurotoxicity induced by AS in the cultured C6 glioma cells. For this study, the cell viability and antioxidative effects, such as electron donating (ED) activity, lipid peroxidation (LP) activity, and superoxide anion-radical (SAR) scavenging activity, were analyzed. AS decreased the cell viability significantly in a dose-dependent manner and the $XTT_{50}$ value was measured at $120.0{\mu}M$ of AS. The neurotoxicity of AS was determined to be mid-toxic by Borenfreund and Puerner's toxic criteria. In addition, the catalase (CAT), antioxidant enzyme remarkably increased the cell viability injured by AS-induced neurotoxicity in these cultures. Regarding the protective effect of the PLVAH extract on AS-induced neurotoxicity, PLVAH extract significantly increased the ED ability, and the inhibitory ability of the LP and SAR scavenging ability. These findings suggest that oxidative stress is involved in the cytotoxicity of AS, and the PLVAH extract effectively protected against AS-induced neurotoxicity by its antioxidative effects. Natural resources, such as the PLVAH extract may be a putative therapeutic agent for the treatment of the toxicity induced by heavy metallic compounds, such as AS correlated with the oxidative stress.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.306-312
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• 2022

To test bee pollen as an ingredient for heat-processed foods, bee pollen was puffed under heat at various pressures and examined for its physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities. As the puffing intensity increased, the browning index, total reducing capacity, and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the bee pollen increased significantly (p<0.001). This was attributed to the formation of Maillard reaction products during the puffing process. The wheat flour-puff yeot-gangjeong added with puffed bee pollen showed significantly (p<0.01) higher antioxidant activities than its counterpart with raw bee pollen. In addition, the gangjeong retained the physicochemical characteristics of the puffed bee pollen such as color, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and pH. The results showed that the puffed bee pollen could potentially be used as an ingredient in thermally processed foods and retain its superior antioxidant properties.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.347-355
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• 2022

Jeju lava seawater's abundant minerals are known to exert antioxidant effects that remove the free radicals responsible for aging. Therefore, lava seawater reportedly possesses high commercial value as a functional food material. This study compared and analyzed the antioxidant activities of extracts from crops produced in Jeju (carrots, blueberries, and mandarins) using distilled water and lava seawater as solvents. Lava seawater extracts exhibited higher total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of blueberries and mandarins than distilled water extracts. Furthermore, the antioxidant enzymatic and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activities of these crops were higher in lava seawater extracts than in distilled water extracts. In particular, using Vero cells, the ROS-scavenging efficacies of blueberries and mandarins were found to be higher in lava seawater extracts. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activities of carrots were higher in lava seawater extracts, despite no difference in total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. These results suggest that lava seawater exhibits favorable potential as a solvent in the functional food industry, and lava seawater-based Jeju crop extracts are potentially useful as functional food ingredients.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.298-306
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• 2022

This study sought to evaluate the mechanism of cellular injury caused by ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄) and the protective effects of Parnassia palustris L. (PP) extract against FeSO₄-induced cytotoxicity of cultured C6 glioma cells. FeSO₄ is known to cause neurotoxicity and induce Parkinson's disease. The antioxidative effects of PP, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like and superoxide anion-radical (SAR)-scavenging activities, as well as effects on cell viability, were studied. FeSO₄ significantly decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and the XTT₅₀ value, the concentration of FeSO₄ which reduced the cell viability by half, was measured at 63.3 μM in these cultures. FeSO₄ was estimated to be highly cytotoxic by the Borenfreund and Puerner toxicity criteria. Quercetin, an antioxidant, significantly improved cell viability, damaged by FeSO₄-induced cytotoxicity. While evaluating the protective effects of the PP extract on FeSO₄-induced cytotoxicity, it was observed that the extract significantly increased cell viability compared to the FeSO₄-treated group. Also, the PP extract showed superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like and superoxide anion radical (SAR)-scavenging activities. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that FeSO₄ induced oxidative stress-related cytotoxicity, and the PP extract effectively protected against this cytotoxicity via its antioxidative effects. In conclusion, natural antioxidant sources such as PP may be agents useful for preventing oxidative stress-related cytotoxicity induced by heavy metal compounds such as the FeSO₄, a known Parkinsonism inducer.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.526-537
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• 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of aqueous and 60% ethanol extracts of Allium ochotense Prokh. against alcohol-induced cytotoxicity as well as on the activities of alcohol-metabolic enzymes. Antioxidant effects of the extracts were analyzed using 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazl, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and malondialdehyde assays, and found that both extracts exhibited considerable antioxidant activities. Additionally, both extracts showed synergistic effects on the activities of alcohol-metabolic enzymes, such as alcohol dehydrogenase, but not on the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase. In addition, 2'-7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays revealed that aqueous and 60% ethanol extracts reduced oxidative stress and increased cell viability. Moreover, both extracts regulated the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, namely B-cell lymphoma (BCl-2), BCl-2 associated X (BAX), and pro-caspase-3, in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, aqueous and 60% ethanol extracts of A. ochotense Prokh. might be valuable functional materials derived from natural resources for the prevention of ethanol-induced cytotoxicity.