• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2022.05a
• /
• pp.295-295
• /
• 2022

강우 변동성과 기온의 증가 추세로 전 세계 여러 지역에서 가뭄의 빈도, 지속기간, 심각도, 영향면적이 증가하고 있다. 기후변화로 인한 극심한 가뭄은 담수 생태계에 심각한 결과를 가져올 수 있으며, 이는 중대한 사회적 경제적 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 낙동강 수질오염총량관리 단위유역에서 기상학적 가뭄 발생 시 하천 수생태계가 받는 수질 스트레스 위험도가 식별된다. 기상학적 가뭄은 표준강수지수(SPI)로 한정되며 하천 수질은 BOD로 한정되어 분석이 수행된다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 하천의 수질 스트레스를 식별하기 위하여 가뭄 시 환경영향 지수인 Environmental Drought Condition Index-water quality(EDCI-wq)를 제안한다. EDCI-wq는 기상학적 가뭄이 발생하였을 때 수생태계가 평상시 대비 스트레스를 받을 가능성을 표현한 지수이다. 최종적으로 산정된 EDCI-wq를 기반으로 하천 구간별로 관심, 주의, 경계, 심각 단계 구분 기준을 마련하여 기상학적 가뭄 발생 시 하천 수생태계가 받는 수질 스트레스를 단계적으로 식별할 수 있는 수질 스트레스 위험도 지도가 작성된다.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.117-125
• /
• 2016

Current cities encounter various types of water problems due to rapid urbanization and climate change. The increasing significance of urban water problems calls for the establishment of resilient alternatives to prevent and minimize social loss that results from these phenomena. As a background research for establishing resilient infrastructures for the mitigation of urban water problems, we evaluated the robustness of structural alternatives for urban flood as a representative case. Combining the robustness index (RI) and the cost index (CI), we suggested the robustness-cost index (RCI) as an indicator of the robustness of structural alternatives, and applied the index to assess the existing infrastructures and structural alternatives (i.e., sewer network expansion, additional storage tank construction, and green roof construction) at a site prone to floods located around Gangnam-station, Seoul, Korea. At a rainfall intensity frequency range of 2 to 20 years, the usage of a storage tank and a green roof showed relatively high RCI value, with a variation of an alternative showing greater RCI between the two depending on the size of design rainfall. For a rainfall intensity frequency of 30 years, installing a storage tank with some green roofing was the most resilient alternative based on the RCI value. We proposed strategies for establishing resilient infrastructures for the mitigation of urban floods by evaluating the robustness of existing infrastructures and selecting optimal structural alternatives with the consideration of scales of design disaster.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.277-291
• /
• 2008

In order to carry out river basin management, it is necessary to evaluate the state of the river basin and make site-specific measures on the basis of management goals and objectives. A river basin is divided into several watersheds, which are composed of several components: water resources, social and economic systems, law and institution, user, land, ecosystems, etc. They are connected among them and form network holistically. In this study, a methodology for evaluating watershed management was developed by consideration of the various features of a watershed system. This methodology employed factor analysis to develop sub-indexes for evaluating water use management, environment and ecosystem management, and flood management in a watershed. To do this, first, the related data were gathered and classified into six groups that are the components of watershed systems. Second, in all sub-indexes, preliminary tests such as KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) measure of sampling adequacy and Bartlett's test of sphericity were conducted to check the data's acceptability to factor analysis, respectively. Third, variables related to each sub-index were grouped into three factors by consideration of statistic characteristics, respectively. These factors became indicators and were named, taking into account the relationship and the characteristics of included variables. In order to check the study results, the computed factor loadings of each variable were reviewed, and correlation analysis among factor scores was fulfilled. It was revealed that each factor score of factors in a sub-index was not correlated, and grouping variables by factor analysis was appropriate. And, it was thought that this indicator system would be applied effectively to evaluating the states of watershed management.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.118-125
• /
• 2012

World population has increased rapidly following the industrial revolution, reaching 7 billion in 2012. Several forecasts estimate that this number will rise to about 8 billion in 2025. Improvements of living standards in developing nations have also raised resource and energy demands worldwide. In consequences, human beings have faced many global and urgent problems, such as global warming, water and food shortages, resource and energy crises, and so on. Many ocean utilization technologies for avoiding or reducing such big problems have been developed, for examples $CO_2$ ocean sequestration, seawater desalination, artificial upwelling, deepwater mining, and ocean energies. It is important, however, to assess such technologies from the viewpoints of sustainability and public acceptancy, since the aims of those technologies are to develop sustainable social systems rather than conventional ones based on fossil resources. Inclusive Marine Pressure Assessment and Classification Technology Research Committee (generally called IMPACT Research Committee) of Japan Society of Naval Architects and Ocean Engineers, has proposed Inclusive Impact Index "Triple I" as an indicator, which can predict both environmental sustainability and economical feasibility, in order to assess the ocean utilization technologies from the viewpoints of sustainability and public acceptancy. This index was considered by combining Ecological Footprint and Environmental Risk Assessment. The Ecological Footprint and the Environmental Risk Assessment are introduced in the first part of this paper. Then the concept and the structure of the Triple I are explained in the second part of this paper. Finally, the economy-ecology conversion factor in Triple I accounting is considered.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.488-502
• /
• 2023

Ecosystem service accounting must measure ecosystem supply functions, demand, and the actual service flows that occur between them. In order to measure flows, supply and demand relationships must be defined, and a methodology that can objectify complex connections is needed. Although various studies on ecosystem services have been conducted in Korea, but researches on accounting for ecosystem services are not enough. The purpose of this study is to evaluate flood control ecosystem services by applying the EU methodology studied in the Experimental Ecosystem Account (EEA) of System of Environmental Economy Account (SEEA) and explore ways to introduce ecosystem account. To conduct the study, the ecosystem's runoff retention potential, social and economic demand for flood control, and actual service benefit flows formed from the relationships between them were modeled and quantified on a spatial basis. As a result of calculating the actual flow of flood control ecosystem services, the total domestic service amount was calculated to be 165,595 (ha), and it was confirmed that much of it was concentrated in agricultural land. In order to account for domestic flood control services in the future, key spatial data such as land cover maps must be continuously established and managed, and researches on input data and methodologies applicable to various spatial scopes such as national, regional, and unit watersheds are expected to be necessary.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.184-199
• /
• 2022

Freshwater soundness can be broadly divided into the health of river ecosystems and social services for human water use, that is, water welfare. In this study the ecological soundness and water welfare index of rivers were calculated, and the freshwater comprehensive soundness was analyzed using the quadrant model for 14 basins in the Geum River basin. As for the ecological soundness of the river, the area upstream of the dam (based on Daecheong Dam) was evaluated as 'good', and the area downstream of the dam was evaluated as 'bad'. On the other hand as for water welfare, the area downstream of the dam with a large population was in a relatively 'good' condition, and the area upstream of the dam had a relatively 'poor' level of water welfare. In terms of freshwater comprehensive soundness, it was found that the basins of Mujunamdaecheon, Bocheongcheon and Daecheongdam showed good ecological soundness and water welfare, and the Geumganggongju, Nonsancheon and Geumganhagueon basins were all poor. The Gapcheon basin showed good results in 2014 due to continuous investment and systematic management. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to utilize it for other watersheds through benchmarking.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2021.06a
• /
• pp.82-82
• /
• 2021

전 세계적으로 가뭄은 농업·식량안보·수자원관리·생태계 등 다양한 분야에서 부정적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 일반적으로 가뭄은 강수량의 부족으로 발생하고, 지표수와 지하수의 가용성이 제한됨에 따라 작물생산 및 사회·경제적으로 피해가 발생한다. 이러한 영향은 특정 가뭄 모니터링 및 조기 경보와 관련하여 가뭄 지표를 결정할 때 중요한 고려사항이다. 가뭄을 분석하기 위해서는 가뭄 지표를 적용하여 정확하게 반영하고 나타내는 것이 중요하다. 가뭄의 특성을 객관적으로 정량화하기 어렵기 때문에 다양한 지표와 계산을 통한 가뭄 모니터링 및 분석 기술이 필요하며, 강수량, 토양수분, 증발산량 및 식생과 관련하여 가뭄 지표가 개발되었다. 본 연구에서는 혼합 가뭄 지표 (Drought Indicator Blends) 활용하여 우리나라의 가뭄을 분석하였다. 혼합 가뭄 지표는 NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)의 기후 예측 센터 (Climate Prediction Center, CPC)에서 여러 가뭄 지수를 단기 또는 장기로 구분하여 통합, 개발되었다. 단기 및 장기 혼합 제품은 PDSI (Palmer Drought Severity Index), Z-Index, SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index)를 결합하여 가뭄을 추정한다. 혼합 가뭄 지표는 해당 지역의 단기 및 장기 가뭄을 이해하는데 유용하게 활용할 수 있으며, 현재까지 미국에서 활발하게 연구가 진행되고 있다. 단기 지표는 비관개 농업, 토양수분 등 강수량에 밀접한 관련이 있는 가뭄과 관련되어 평가하며, 장기 지표의 경우 관개 농업, 지하수위 등 장기간 가뭄과 연관성을 가지고 있다. 단기 및 장기 혼합 가뭄 지표를 우리나라에 적용함으로써 기존 단일 가뭄 지수를 활용한 가뭄 분석 이상으로 다방면에서 효율적인 가뭄 모니터링을 할 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.135-143
• /
• 2008

An emergy concept was used to evaluate the environment and economy of the estuarine areas of Yeongsan River, Seomjin River, and Han River in Korea. The emergy evaluations clearly showed ecological and socioeconomic characteristics of the estuarine areas that act as ecological and economic centers of surrounding areas. River, tide, and rain provided most of the renewable emergy inputs to the estuarine areas with their contribution to the total emergy input less than 8%. The estuarine areas mostly relied for their operation on the purchased emergy which accounted for $92{\sim}98%$ of the total emergy input to the systems. Emergy indices such as emergy use per unit area, population carrying capacity, environmental loading ratio, and emergy sustainability index revealed that the estuarine areas of Yeongsan River, Seomjin River, and Han River are not sustainable at the current level of economic activities in the areas. The ecological economic values of the environment of the areas were in the range of $7.29{\sim}22.06$ million Em\/ha/yr. They are more than twice that for the whole country, indicating the ecological and economic importance of the eatuarine areas. It is, therefore, urgent to establish and implement estuarine management policies to protect and restore the ecological and economic potentials of the estuarine areas of Yeongsan River, Seomjin River, and Han River. Management plans for the estuarine areas should include both demand-side measures such as reduction of population and economic concentration and consideration of ecological carrying capacity in planning stages for utilization and development of the areas, and supply-side ones such as restoration of degraded ecosystems and construction of new productive ecosystems.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2018.05a
• /
• pp.131-131
• /
• 2018

하천의 생태계는 다양한 이화학적 및 생물학적 요인들에 의해 많은 영향을 받으며 그 중 수온은 수질 및 수생태계에 지대한 영향을 미치는 인자라고 할 수 있다. 하천의 수온은 인간의 활동과 도시화에 의해 인위적인 교란을 받고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 수온변화의 원인 중 자연에서 취수한 물에 인위적으로 열에너지를 첨가하여 수온이 높은 상태에서 다시 자연으로 방류하여 문제가 되고 있는 온배수에 초점을 맞춰 분석을 시행하고자 한다. 온배수는 하류 하천의 수질 및 그곳에 서식하는 생물들의 서식처와 같은 다양한 수환경에 직접적으로 변화를 발생시킬 수 있다. 따라서 하천 생태계의 보호를 위한 방류수 수온의 관리를 위해서는 변화된 수온의 영향 범위를 분석할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 실제 방류되는 온배수의 평균 수온과 기존 하천 수온의 온도차를 이용해 물질수지식과 3차원 모형인 EFDC(Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code)를 활용하여 방류수로 인한 하류 하천의 수온 변화를 모의하고자 하였다. 또한 적절한 수온의 관리를 위해 방류수 수온 및 유량의 인자를 변화시켜가면서 하류하천의 수온변화 모의를 실시하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 하류 하천에서 서식하는 생물들에 영향을 미치지 않는 방류수의 수온 기준을 제시하는데 중요한 기초자료가 될 것으로 기대된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2023.05a
• /
• pp.235-235
• /
• 2023

하천 내에서 하상변동은 치수나 생태계에 직간접적인 영향을 끼치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 하상변동의 예측을 위한 여러 가지 모델들이 존재하지만 하상변동의 양상을 직관적으로 파악하기에는 어려움이 있다. 최근 수행된 연구결과에 따르면 하천의 수리 기하학적 형상이 부유사 농도와 유량과의 관계와 관련이 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다(Kim et al., 2018). 본 연구에서는 하상변동과 부유사의 농도를 밀접한 관련이 있다고 가정하여 수리기하(Hydraulic Geometry) 이론을 이용하여 하상변동의 경향성을 표현하여 하상변동의 경향성을 직관적으로 유추할 수 있는 기법을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 하상변동을 수리기하적표현을 이용하여 해석적으로 제시하였고 수치모의를 실시하였으며 실제 자연하천에 대해 검증을 수행하였다. 수치모의는 자연에 존재할 수 있는 다양한 하천형상을 표현하기 위해 수리기하 이론에서의 수심과 폭을 나타내는 인자들을 이용하여 하천의 형상을 넓고 얕은 하천, 좁고 깊은 하천, 중간 정도의 하천으로 분류하였으며 흐름조건을 정상류와 부정류조건으로 분류하였다. 또한 하상경사와 하상재료의 입경분포를 고려하였다. 그리고 실제 하천에 대한 검증은 대한민국에 존재하는 갑천, 미호천, 남강, 임진강, 원주천, 금호강의 하상변동 자료를 이용하여 실시하였다. 하상변동의 경향성을 직관적으로 표현하기 위해 Manning 공식을 이용하여 하상전단력의 수리기하 지수를 수심, 유속, 조도계수의 수리기하지수들로 표현하였다.