Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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v.18
no.3
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pp.295-303
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2018
In the DBB delivery system, the design stage and the construction stage are separated. Because of this, design changes frequently occur, and problems such as construction cost overrun, schedule delay, and quality deterioration happen as well. Recently, in the construction industry CM at Risk(CM@R) delivery system, which can systematically solve the above-mentioned problems of DBB delivery system, meet various demands of clients, and overcome the limited cost and period. In the CM@R delivery system, the contractor negotiates for a maximum guaranteed price(GMP) with the client at the design stage, and the CM performer carries out the construction within the GMP. However, uncertainties are inherent in the GMP calculation because the calculation is based on unfinished drawings and documents. In this study, a Probabilistic Earlier GMP Calculation Method by combining a probabilistic tool of Monte Carlo simulation with a case based reasoning is proposed so that the uncertainty in GMP calculation is reflected. After the earlier GMP is calculated, a process to calculate the $2^{nd}$ GMP at the time of around 80 % of detailed deign and to negotiate with the client to fix the final GMP is proposed. The Probabilistic Earlier GMP Calculation Method is verified through the case study. In this study, researchers set the range of GMP through the proposed probabilistic GMP calculation and tried to reduce the risk through negotiation between the client and the CM performer. The proposed method and process would contribute to the successful introduction of CM@R in Korea.
Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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v.15
no.9
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pp.57-65
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2010
This paper describes the method of efficient container number recognition in colored container image with number plate at ATC(Automatic Transfer Crane) in container terminal yard. At the Sinseondae terminal gate in Busan, the container number recognition system is installed by "intelligent port-logistics system technology development", that is government research and development project. It is the method that it sets up the tunnel structure inside camera on the gate and it recognizes the container number in order to recognize the export container cargo automatically. However, as the automation equipment is introduced to the container terminal and the unmanned of a task is gradually accomplished, the container number recognition system for the confirmation of the object of work is required at ATC in container terminal yard. Therefore, the container number recognition system fitted for it is necessary for ATC in container terminal yard in which there are many intrusive of the character recognition through image including a sunlight, rain, snow, shadow, and etc. unlike the gate. In this paper, hardware components of the camera, illumination, and sensor lamp were altered and software elements of an algorithm were changed. that is, the difference of the brightness of the surrounding environment, and etc. were regulated for recognize a container number. Through this, a shadow problem, and etc. that it is thickly below hung with the sunlight or the cargo equipment were solved and the recognition time was shortened and the recognition rate was raised.
Cho, Seungyeoun;Yim, Gil-Jae;Lee, Jin Young;Ji, Sangwoo
Economic and Environmental Geology
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v.54
no.5
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pp.505-513
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2021
Recently, housing prices in metropolitan areas is also increasing in the UK and Australia. Their governments are trying to solve this problem by the housing development in the quarry sites near cities. The cases reviewed in this study, Erith Hill Quarry (The Quarry), Plymstock Quarry, Lilydale Quarry (Kinley), and Bombo Quarry are the mixed-used development cases in the closed quarry sites through the urban planning system. In the UK, the local government uses the urban planning scheme such as the planning permit system, section 106. The local government permits the quarry site development on the condition that it provides necessary public facilities, such as schools and affordable housing for the local community. In Australia, local governments use up-zoning permission rights to convert land uses in quarries from industrial to mixed-use. Development plans have to include urban infrastructure and open space in addition to affordable housings. In the case of Australia, establishing a development plan in advance and filling the quarry pit with overburden through a phased development is expected to have the effect of reducing the project cost. Both countries think that developing brownfields, such as quarry sites, is a more sustainable and eco-friendly development from the perspective of future generations than developing new green fields. Such a perspective of the UK and Australia will be able to give policy implications for our slightly rigid urban development system.
Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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v.6
no.1
s.11
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pp.73-85
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2004
Recently, as the growth of the wireless Internet, PDA and HPC, the focus of research and development related with GIS(Geographic Information System) has been changed to the Real-Time Mobile GIS to service LBS. To offer LBS efficiently, there must be the Real-Time GIS platform that can deal with dynamic status of moving objects and a location index which can deal with the characteristics of location data. Location data can use the same data type(e.g., point) of GIS, but the management of location data is very different. Therefore, in this paper, we studied the Real-Time Mobile GIS using the HBR-tree to manage mass of location data efficiently. The Real-Time Mobile GIS which is developed in this paper consists of the HBR-tree and the Real-Time GIS Platform HBR-tree. we proposed in this paper, is a combined index type of the R-tree and the spatial hash Although location data are updated frequently, update operations are done within the same hash table in the HBR-tree, so it costs less than other tree-based indexes Since the HBR-tree uses the same search mechanism of the R-tree, it is possible to search location data quickly. The Real-Time GIS platform consists of a Real-Time GIS engine that is extended from a main memory database system. a middleware which can transfer spatial, aspatial data to clients and receive location data from clients, and a mobile client which operates on the mobile devices. Especially, this paper described the performance evaluation conducted with practical tests if the HBR-tree and the Real-Time GIS engine respectively.
It has been assumed that the clarification of a message is a necessary element for successful communication. However, in the today's complicated and changing environment of business marketing media, it is shown that the clarification of the message of advertisement may inhibit the effectiveness of communication. This study was to examine what was effective communication in advertisement when the company, provoking the people's negative emotional response, needs to establish new identities such as the goals and the special fields of business. In particular, the study was to investigate what effect the advertising strategy of strategically emitting ambiguous messages makes on the consumer's recognition, emotional attitude, reliability, and attitude towards the company. It was hypothesized that an ambiguous message in an advertisement has an effect on the consumer's recognition, emotional attitude, reliability, and attitude towards the company. Three texts from the 'Imagination Praises' campaign of KT&G which has been in process since 2003 were systematically sampled and the survey was performed by the means of questionnaires made on the sample The results showed that the ambiguous message of advertising texts gained better responses on the consumer's attention, good impression, affirmation, memory, sympathy than the dear message and that the ambiguous message had an effect on the consumer's attitude towards the advertisement itself. Thus, it could be tentatively concluded that the ambiguous message could be more effective in recognition and recall to promote the changes of identities of the company having the people's unfavorable emotion. But there wasn't any evidence that an ambiguous message in an advertisement was more effective in terms of the consumer's emotional response, reliability, and attitude towards the company. From this, it could be inferred that the receiver had an uncomfortable, doubtful and negative attitude about the implicit expressive code contained in the message. In the future deeper qualitative studies can compensate for the limited explanation of this empirical study focused on statistical analyses.
Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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v.50
no.4
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pp.20-36
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2022
This study aims to provide basic data for high-quality street tree management by setting reasonable management items and appropriate unit prices by reviewing the adequacy of current street tree management. Currently, street tree management items, except for street tree pruning, use general landscape tree quantity per unit for the street tree management quantity per unit. KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation) applied pruning items from standard electric production infrastructure and carried out the activities at an average unit price of 51% lower for heavy pruning and 39% lower for light pruning than the standard estimate. This was judged to be a level that could not maintain or increase the quality of street tree management. It was determined that an appropriate standard unit price for street tree management was necessary. To improve the quantity per unit for the proper management of street trees, it was necessary to review costs in the field. However, due to the absence of data on actual construction costs in the domestic landscape field, detailed items of the US RSMeans Building Construction Cost Data (RSMeans) were reviewed, and the actual construction costs were calculated by applying personal domestic expenses. As a result, the standard of the estimated unit showed a good ratio of 107% for heavy pruning of street tree pruning compared to the actual construction cost, but light pruning was underestimated with a 59% ratio. Shrub pruning was 82%, weeding was 92%, tree fertilization was 87%, and windbreak wall installation was 91% under-engineered. In addition, it was also confirmed that the watering by sprinkler trucks and chemical spraying were over-designed compared to the actual construction cost at the rates of 118% and 124%, respectively. Due to the specificity of the street trees, the increase in personal expenses and the input cost of equipment, such as road safety controls, were judged to be the main cause of the underestimation of items. Therefore, it is necessary to add items related to street trees and general landscape trees to the landscape maintenance items of the standard of the estimated unit.
During more than 20 years of practice, Civil Aviation Law has experienced three times of amendments since it was enacted in 1995. But these revisions are limited to the technical level. The problems and limitations have become increasingly prominent in its implementation. Firstly, the civil aviation law is the result of interests game among several departments and some legal issues was left behind and the regulation was very vague as a result. Secondly, the process of aviation legislation is the process that the country has undergone profound changes and social transformation. The 20 years is long enough for the society to undergo tremendous changes and 1995 version of civil aviation law does not keep pace of development of economy. There was a serious lag between reality and the law. In order to actively promote the development of the aviation industry and overcome implementation issues of the Civil Aviation Law, Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) initiated modification procedure the law and published new draft of Civil Aviation Law in August 2016. The spirit of this modification is to learn and absorb new achievements of domestic and foreign legislation and the International Convention on civil aviation. Furthermore, the purpose of the revision is to provide favorable policy for the development of civil aviation industry and improve aviation safety and supervision, strengthen and protection of consumer rights and interests, to enhance the safety of civil aviation activities, and promote the development of general aviation. This revision concerned to the 78 articles which are revised or deleted and 24 articles added. The highlights of the draft include but not limited to the enhancement of security management, clarification of the main responsibility for production safety. And also it added the provisions related to the construction of effective tracking capability of public air transport enterprises and license system on the transport of dangerous goods. Compared with the existing civil aviation law, the draft has made a great improvements. But there are several deficiencies and limitations in the drafts. These problems need to be supplemented and perfected through further amendments in near future.
Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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v.6
no.3
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pp.109-129
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2011
Since the introduction of local autonomy system, various specific theories and practical approaches for private commission system have been common concerns and interests of the fields practicing social welfare. In the discussion about private consignment system of social welfare facility and organization, both of private section and government have shown different opinions from various aspects such as related regulation, consignment procedure, proper period and consignment condition. According to the discussion about the consignment system of social welfare facility, the purpose of this study is as follows. The first purpose is to suggest the current status of private consignment of social welfare facility and the characteristic and issue of consignment procedure by considering domestic & overseas literatures about the characteristic of private consignment system. The second purpose is to find out the general characteristics and current statuses of consignment process and system of social welfare facilities (organizations) located in Gyeonggi-do area. The third purpose is to draw the current status and general problem of field consignment system and suggest the practical alternative plan and improvement method of private consignment system of social welfare facility in the future. The result of researching private consignment process by head and manager of social welfare facility (organization), private consignment agreement and its conclusion process and current consignment system improvement method revealed that the number of reconsigned (over 1~3 times) facilities was more than that of initially consigned facilities and senior welfare facility and general social welfare center were most frequent in private consignment organization. In addition, as an improvement method of current private consignment process, the consideration on each organization and standard was required for new consignment and reconsignment and the problem of fairness and objectiveness was indicated when deliberation committee was organized in private consignment process. Besides them, it was found that consignment period shall be adjusted on the basis of facility type and business characteristic and the problems such as worker's succession, worker's transfer and service disconnection were suggested when consignment organization was changed. For conclusion and suggestion, the study suggested the establishment of common standard about private consignment, alternative plan of private consignment process issue and improvement method of consignment period issue.
The objective of this paper is to review the changes in fertilizer use pattern and to discuss some aspects of the fertilizer development in Korea. Fertilizer consumption in Korea have steadily increased to triple the application rates of N, P and K during the 15 years from 1965 to 1980, and Korea became one of the countries which apply fertilizers at the highest rate. The ratio of N: $P_2O_5$: $K_2O$ in fertilizer consumption changed from 55.4 : 31.4 : 13.1 in 1965 to 54.0 : 23.8 : 22.2 in 1980. It can be said that Korean farmers practise a balanced fertilization at least in view of fertilizer consumption as compared to other developing countries. However, differences in soil properties, crops, and climate varying as region were not reflected on fertilization. In the technological development of fertilizer, the chemical form and composition of the fertilizer as well as the suitability to the specific crops must be taken into consideration for the efficient use of fertilizers. Although organic fertilizers and manure are accepted as minor element suppliers, it is necessary to add minor elements into chemical fertilizers on the industrial process. Industrial waste may be used for the agricultural production as a measure of pollution control providing careful study on the waste.
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