• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• 제116권
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• pp.59-78
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• 2010

The main purpose of this paper is to show how the notion of the language-experience correspondence is ill-grounded, and that the notion of 'literal meaning' based on it accordingly goes nowhere. Drawing on the experientialist view, I observed that language itself is a system of signs, and thus is given meaning only by way of symbolization. According to the experientialist account, the meaning of a signifier is given by means of "symbolic mapping." in which a certain portion of experience-content is mapped onto the signifier. And since symbolic mapping is partial by nature, there must come in some breach between the signifier and the experience-content mapped onto it. The partial nature of symbolic mapping repudiates the very notion of correspondence, and accordingly the notion of literal meaning. Rather, meanings are produced by means of the varied distances between the signifier and the mapped experience. In this perspective, the inquiry into the nature and structure of meaning should become part of one into that of symbolic experience. Such an inquiry may not be expected to reach the objectivity of linguistic meaning. Instead, we may be content with the relative stability in communication, which seems to be grounded in the commonality conspicuously observed at the bodily level of human experience.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the meaning of the Soeumin's Softness and Non-softness in the mouth(口中和, 口中不和). Methods We examined The Existing Doctors's using of the Softness and Non-softness in the mouth, and considered Jema Lee's using of the Softness and Non-softness in the mouth. Afterward, we considered the meaning of the Soeumin's Softness and Non-softness in the mouth in 『Donguisusebowon(東醫壽世保元)』. Results and Conclusion 1. Junggyeong Jang used the Softness in the mouth, and he didn't use the Non-softness in the mouth in 『Sanghanlun(傷寒論)』. 2. The Next Generation Doctors used the Softness in the mouth, and they didn't use the Non-softness in the mouth. Especially, Dongwon Lee used the Softness in the mouth as the Knowing the taste of food, and used the Non-softness in the mouth as the Non-knowing the taste of food. 3. Jema Lee used the Softness and Non-softness in the mouth as urgent indicator of the Soeumbyeong diarrhea in 『Gabobon(甲午本)』, and used the Softness and Non-softness in the mouth as classification indicator of the Taeeumbyeong and Soeumbyeong in 『Sinchuckbon(辛丑本)』. 4. The Non-softness in the mouth is Jema Lee's specific term. It means dry of mouth, thirsty and the Non-knowing the taste of food. 5. The change from the Non-softness to Softness in the mouth is recovery indicator of the Soeumin's disease. It is the basis for setting the Drinking water(能飮水) as the Soeumin's igiljeung(二吉證).

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• 제33권9호
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• pp.644-655
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• 2011

VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) have adverse effects on human health and have caused serious global air pollution problems such as ozone depletion and cimate changes. The total of 56 target VOCs were selected to be monitored in this study for 4 years (2006~2009). The VOCs were measured every hour. The concentration of BTEX was higher than the other target compounds. Generally, the levels of VOCs measured in this study were higher than those measured by the other studies because Gamjeon and Jangrim monitering sites are located in industrial areas. The seasonal variations showed that the VOCs were the highest in winter. The temporal variations showed that the VOCs were high during commuting time on weekday. PMF model was used to resolve source types and source contributions of VOCs in this study. Identified sources and quantified contributions resolved by PMF were vehicle exhaust (15.22%), thinning solvent (29.83%), surface coating (17.13%), industries (13.95%), LPG vehicle (15.22%), combustion boiler (7.11%) and biogenic source (6.61%). Thinning solvent and Surface coating were the most contributed sources possibly due to manufactures and automobile garages in Gamjeon and solvent and paint manufactures in Sasang-Gu.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2006

Snowmelt effect is identified from the analysis of the relationship between precipitation and groundwater level(GWL) data and Severe drawdown of GWL is observed in drought. Groundwater dam Operation Index (GOI), which is developed for the optimal operation of groundwater dam, is calculated by taking common logarithm of the moving average(MA) of precipitation data for a certain period. The period can vary from watershed to watershed because the period is decided by picking the maximum correlation coefficient between GWL and GOI of several MAs of precipitation. For Ssangchun watershed, the correlation was the strongest when we apply 70 day MA for GOI calculation. Snowmelt effect is considered by applying the temperature change by elevation($0.5^{\circ}C$ decrease per 100m) and examining the areal distribution of the watershed by elevation. Snow event is assumed when the daily average temperature is below $0^{\circ}C$ and snowmelt is assumed when the temperature is above zero degree Celsius. Total snowmelt is assumed for the day. When the snow event is occurred the precipitation data is separated into two components, snow and rainfall. The areal distribution by elevation is used for the calculation in the separation. The correlation between GWL and GOI is higher when we consider snowmelt effect than we neglected it.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• 제152권
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• pp.59-79
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• 2019

The main purpose of this paper is to critically examine the intractable problems of Peirce's notion of 'symbol' as a higher and perfect mode of sign, and present a more appropriate account of the higher status of symbol from an experientialist perspective. Peirce distinguished between icon, index, and symbol, and suggested symbol to be a higher mode of sign, in that it additionally requires "interpretation." Within Peirce's picture, the matter of interpretation is to be explained in terms of "interpretant," while icon or index are not. However, Peirce's conception of "interpretant" itself remains fraught with intractable opacities, thereby leaving the nature of symbol in a misty conundrum. Drawing largely on the experientialist account of the nature and structure of symbolic experience, I try to explicate the complexity of symbol in terms of "the symbolic mapping." According to experientialism, our experience consists of two levels, i.e., physical and symbolic. Physical experience can be extended to symbolic level largely by means of "symbolic mapping," and yet is strongly constrained by physical experience. Symbolic mapping is the way in which we map part of certain physical experience onto some other area, thereby understanding the other area in terms of the mapped part of the physical experience. According to this account, all the signs, icon, index, and symbol a la Peirce, are constructed by way of symbolic mapping. While icon and index are constructed by mapping physical level experience onto some signifier(i.e. Peirce's "representamen"), symbol is constructed by mapping abstract level experience onto some signifier. Considering the experientialist account that abstract level of experience is constructed by way of symbolic mapping of physical level of experience, the symbolic mapping of abstract level of experience onto some other area is a secondary one. Thus, symbol, being constructed by way of secondary or more times mapping, becomes a higher level sign. This analysis is based on the idea that explaining the nature of sign is a matter of explaining that symbolic experience, leaving behind Peirce's realist conception of sign as a matter of an event or state of affairs out there. In conclusion, I suggest that this analysis will open up new possibilities for a more appropriate account of the nature of signs, beyond Peirce's complicated riddles.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.403-408
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• 1985

Enhancement of surfactant on release of secretory enzyme, such as $\alpha$-amylase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, was investigated during submerged culture of Rhizopus oryzae. Morphological changes of colony was occured; small pelletal form in 0.18mM of sodium dodecyl sulfate, pulpy form in 0.48mM of sodium deoxycholate, and filamentous form in absence of surfactant. It. Supplement of sodium dodecyl sulfate induced 9 times increasing activity of $\alpha$-amylase and that of acid phosphatase 25 times in cultural fluids. Alkaline phosphatase was increased 11 times in cultural fluid and also stimulated in cytoplasm with supplement of sodium deoxycholate.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.767-779
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• 2015

soil microbial activities and diversities in a newly reclaimed soil. Soil chemical properties, population of microbe, microbial biomass, and properties of microbial community were investigated under 4 different treatment (animal manure compost+green manure, chemical fertilizer, and without fertilizer). The experiment was conducted for 3 years from 2012 to 2014. The most of chemical properties in the animal manure compost+green manure treatment were increased continually compare to chemical fertilizer and without fertilizer. The population of bacteria and fungi were higher in the animal manure compost+green manure treatment, however, there was no difference on actinomyces. Soil microbial biomass C content was higher in the animal manure compost+green manure treatment than in chemical fertilizer and without fertilizer. Biolog examination showed that catabolic diversities of bacterial communities were higher in the treatment of animal manure compost+green manure. It was showed that principle component analysis of the Biolog data differentiated the organic matter amended soils from NPK and control. These results indicated that application of animal manure compost+green manure had a beneficial effect on soil microbial properties.

• Proceedings of the KOR-KST Conference
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• 대한교통학회 1995년도 한-중 국제학술회의 발표논문
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• pp.165-169
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• 1995

다원화투자,공사화경영, 시재건립시장경제조건하,해결성시기출설시건설 자김긴결적유효도경. 이시정부제공토건부분건설자김,철로국여연선구토지절가인고, 용상술량항자본수익보정상업투자15 %적회보솔, 래흡인외상제공구치차량설비적투자, 합삼위일,성립항목법인실체,재정부적정책부지하,자주개발경영,사상해시남북궤도 교통건설조도최가적투자경영방식.

• Electric Engineers Magazine
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• 통권338호
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• pp.16-18
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• 2010

두산중공업은 지난 2007년 5월 16일 세계 최대 규모의 인도 구자라트 지역에 있는 문드라(Mundra) 석탄화력발전 프로젝트를 수주했다. 문드라 석탄화력발전소는 인도정부가 전력난 해소와 전력요금 인하를 위해 2016년까지 9개의 초대형 화력발전소를 건설하는 프로젝트의 일환으로, 800MW급 초임계압 보일러 5기, 총 발전용량 4,000MW에 이르는 사상 최대 규모의 발전소다. 두산중공두산중공업은 인도 발전시장에는 이미 지난 1990년대말부터 진출한 이래 지난 2004년 인도 시파트 석탄화력발전소를 수주해 주목을 받은 바 있고, 올해 초에는 1,370MW (685MW 2기) 규모의 라이푸르-차티스가르(Raipur-Chhattisgarh) 석탄화력발전소를 수주해 인도발전시장에서 위상을 높이고 있다.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.437-452
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• 2007

From the experiments on the effect of chitosan and wood vinegar, which are environment-friendly materials, on the growth of eggplant and leaf lettuce, the following results were obtained. 1. The effect of chitosan and wood vinegar treatment on the growth of eggplant 1) There was no difference in soil component elements before and after treatment with chitosan and wood vinegar. The total number of microorganisms tended to increase after treatment with chitosan and wood vinegar, while the number of bacteria increased among microorganisms. However, there was no consistent tendency in the number of Acinomycetes, fungi, and trichodema between treatments. 2) The growth and the yield of eggplant increased compared with the control plot in both the chitosan-treated plot and the wood vinegar-treated plot. However, there was no significant difference between the treatments. The yield of eggplant per 10a increased in chitosan- and wood vinegar-treated plots compared with the controlled plot. There was no significant difference in treatments, however, the plot treated with 800 times-diluted solution showed a higher growth. 2. The effect of chitosan and wood vinegar treatment on the growth of leaf lettuce 1) There was no difference in soil component elements before and after treatment with chitosan and wood vinegar. The number of bacteria increased among microorganisms. However, there was no consistent tendency in the number of Acinomycetes, fungi, and trichodema between treatments. 2) The growth of leaf lettuce in both chitosan-treated plot and wood vinegar-treated plot increased compared with the control plot, however, there was no significant difference between the treatments. On the whole, the plot treated with greater concentration showed a higher growth.