• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.81-111
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• 2018

Recently in Korea, public interest about patient safety has increased because patient safety incidents occurred continuously. In addition, as the way of coping with medical personnel and medical institutions after occurrence of patient safety incident became controversial, the necessity of introducing apology law and disclosure law was raised. We analyzed the contents of apology law and disclosure law in U.S.A and critically examined the legislative movements in Korea. First, the Apology law requires that a medical personnel provide apology, consolation, sympathy to the patient for discomfort, pain, damage or death, and that the expression of apology shall be inadmissible as evidence of an admission of liability in civil action or administrative proceeding. The Apology law is divided into 'full apology law' and 'partial apology law' depending on whether mistake, error, fault, liability, and legal liability shall be inadmissible. Meanwhile, Disclosure law enforces or voluntarily enforces the law to communicate with the patient regarding the disclosure of the incident, the cause of incident, the compensation plan, and the measures to prevent the recurrence in the adverse incident that serious harm to the patient. In Korea, the concern about patient safety incidents has been amplified, and as the importance of communication between the medical personnel and patient has been recognized, the revision bill for the "Patient Safety Act", which adopted the U.S.A apology or disclosure law, was submitted to the National Assembly. The purpose of this study was to critically review the contents of the revised legislation based on the analysis of the apology law and disclosure law in U.S.A. and to provide implications for future legislative direction.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.234-239
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• 1998

In non-destructive evaluation of free acid content in apples by near- infrared spectroscopy(NIRS), browning and heat treatment of squeezed apple juice affected to the accuracy but titrable alkali concentration did not. The free acid content in apples after harvest was able to determine using different apples in harvest time for calibration making. The result of MLR, multiple correlation coefficient(R) was 0.77 and standard error of prediction(SEP) was 0.03%. The free acid content in apples during storage was able to determine using calibration equation established with stored apples, R was 0.90 and SEP was ca. 0.04%. The prediction accuracy by LAIR was not sufficient for use of quantitative analysis of free acid content in apple, but classification of law and high level in acid content was supposed to be applicable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.308-312
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• 2010

Quality characteristics of apple vinegar by using agitated and static cultures without any additive were compared. pH was reduced with passage of acetic acid fermentation time. Total acidity of the agitated culture vinegar (A) was 6.08% at the 8 day according to the progress of fermentation and that of the static culture vinegar (B) recorded 5.20% at the 60 day of fermentation. There was no significant difference in sugar content of (A) and (B). L value was lower in (B) than (A) but a and b values were higher in (B) than (A). Organic acid content of (A) was high only in acetic acid but malic, citric and succinic acids appeared high in (B). As free sugar, fructose and glucose were observed in both of them. In sensory examination results, (B) showed the highest taste and overall preferences. From all of these results traditional static culture are expected to be used to make high-quality vinegar.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1068-1074
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• 2000

젊은 세대들이 좋아하는 우수한 품질의 사과고추장을 개발하고자 부원료로서 사과를 사용하여 사과고추장의 배합비에 따른 관능적 특성을 반응표면분석법으로 최적화하고 물리적 특성을 모니터링하였다. 실험조건은 고춧가루는 130~210 g, 메주가루는 50~80 g, 사과퓨레는125~205 g의 범위로 설정되었으며, 실험계획에 따라 제조된 사과고추장은 물리적 및 관능적 특성을 조사하기 위해 사용되었다. 사과 고추장의 색상에 대한 관능평점은 고춧가루 140.61 g, 메줏가루 83.42 g 및 사과퓨레 169.05 g에서 가장 높았으며, 향에 대한 관능평점은 고춧가루 192.32 g, 메줏가루 56.14 g 및 사과퓨레 146.72 g에서 가장 높은 7.95를 나타내었다. 맛에 대한 관능평점은 고춧가루 함량 182 g, 메줏가루 함량 78 g 및 사과과즙 함량 199 g에서 가장 높은 7.46을 나타내었으며, 전반적인 기호도에서는 고춧가루 함량 200 g, 메줏가루 함량 57 g 및 사과과즙 함량 159 g에서 가장 높은 관능평점을 나타내었다. 사과고추장의 물리적 특성으로서 견고성은 고춧가루와 메줏가루의 함량이 높을수록 증가하였다. 고추장의 부착성과 거침성은 고춧가루 함량이 증가하고 사과과즙의 함량이 낮을수록 증가하였다.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.375-383
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• 2023

Malic acid-catalyzed transformation has been developed to produce ginsenoside Rg3 which is increasingly in demand as a functional ingredient. The optimization of the conversion of red ginseng saponin (RGS) to ginsenoside Rg3 by acid catalyzed transformation was carried out using Box-Behnken design (BBD) based on Response Surface Analysis (RSM). The main independent variables were malic acid concentration, temperature, and reaction time. Conversion of ginsenoside Rg3 was performed according to BBD model and optimization conditions were analyzed. The concentration of the converted ginsenoside Rg3 ranged from 1.548 mg/L to 4.558 mg/L, and the highest production was obtained under the condition of reacting 1% malic acid, 50 ℃ and 9h. Consequently, The independent variables affecting the production of ginsenoside Rg3 were identified in the following order: malic acid concentration, reaction time and temperature. In addition, it was confirmed that the interaction between malic acid concentration and reaction time had a greater influence than the temperature.

• The Bimonthly Magazine for Agrochemicals and Plant Protection
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.81-88
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• 1985

사과재배에서 가장 무서운 부란병은 1900년경 경제적인 과수원이 조성되면서부터 문제되어온 병이다. 이 병은 일종의 곰팡이에 의하여 일어나는 병으로 전파력이 매우 강하여 한번 발생한 포장에서는 완전히 방제하기가 매우 어렵다. 부란병은 전국적으로 발생하고 있으나 충주, 경산과 같이 오래된 과수원에서 많이 발생하며 30년 이상된 과수원에는 발병되지 않은 나무가 없을 정도로 많이 발생되고 있다. 이 병은 다른 사과나무 병과는 달리 주로 나무의 주간과 주지에 발생하므로 빨리 치료하지 않으면 과수원이 폐원되는 경우가 흔히 있는데 부란병의 방제에 도움이 될 수 있는 병원균의 특성, 병징, 발생시기, 발병요인, 방제법 등에 대하여 살펴보면 다음과 같다.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.1 s.84
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• pp.25-30
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• 1998

Present expriments were conducted to determine the possibility of cultivation of Coriolus versicolor selected among the higher fungi growing in Korea. Dried apple sawdust used in this study consisted of 31.5% C, 0.54% N, 2.41 % CaO, 0.05% $P_2O_5$, 0.48% MgO and 0.81% $K_2O$(pH 5.6). Coriolus versicolor mushrooms were cultivated on the sawdust media; apple sawdust; rice bran=80:20 in 850cc polypropylene bottles. The isolate of Coriolus versicolor used was YCV collected from an Apple farm in Youngchun district. It took 34 days to make fruitbody from spawning. The fruit bodies produced the total fresh weight 28 g in a bottles, and converted to 64% of fresh weight.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.257-262
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• 2010

Patulin, a secondary metabolite of mold, is commonly found in rotten apples. Many countries regulate patulin at levels ranging from 30 to $50\;{\mu}g/L$. Most analytical methods for removing patulin from apple juice include liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), which is time and labor intensive. To replace the LLE method, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method has been developed for apple juice and unfiltered apple juice. A portion of the test sample was applied to a macroporous copolymer cartridge and washed with 5 mL of 1% sodium bicarbonate, followed by 5 mL of 1% acetic acid. Patulin was eluted with 5 mL of 2% acetonitrile in anhydrous ethyl ether. The mobile phase was tetrahydrofuran in water (0.8:99.2) and was detected with a UV detector at 276 nm. Recoveries ranged from 95 to 101% in test samples, and the minimum detectable level was 30 ppb. Because this SPE method is fast, easy, reliable, and inexpensive, it could be applicable for companies or analytical agencies to analyze patulin concentrations in apple juice.

• The Bimonthly Magazine for Agrochemicals and Plant Protection
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• v.4 no.10
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• pp.67-74
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• 1983

금년은 근래에 보기 드문 각종 농작물의 대풍의 해이다. 과실류의 작황 역시 풍작을 알리고 있다. 거기에다 농가소득증대 사업으로 특용작물의 재배가 권장됨에 따라 과실류생산은 해마다 증가되어 왔으나 가공처리는 이를 뒤따르지 못해 생산물의 대부분이 생식용으로 소비되어온 실정이다. 풍작으로 다량생산된 과실류의 안전 저장과 적기출하를 위한 각종 저장법을 사과$\cdot$배$\cdot$감귤류를 중심으로 알아보기로 한다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.377-383
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• 2001

Total amounts of phenolic compounds of Korean apples were determined by UV-visible spectrphotometry of Folin-Dennis, Prussian-blue and vanillin-HCI, respectively. The analytical data from the method of Folin-Dennis were estimated to be the most reasonable to determine the total amounts of phenolic compounds in Korean apples. It was also confirmed that the amounts of total phenolics could be calculated as chlorogenic acid equivalence, more effectively than that of other phenolic compound equivalence.