• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.172-177
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• 1982

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the broadcast and band applications of phosphate fertilizer and the application amounts of fertilizer during the soybean-barley cropping periods from 1976 to 1979 on the Sam-gag sand loam of a newly reclaimed hilly land. 1. The broadcast application was superior to band in view of yields for both soybean and barley. The yield was the highest in the broadcast application with the amount 38 kg $P_2O_5$ per 10a of fused phosphate which was calculated from soil testing at the first crop period and thereafter additional 6 kg at every crop period. 2. According to the quadratic relationship between yield and the available phosphate in soil, the maximum soybean Yield, 322 kg per 10a obtained at 220 ppm of available phosphate under broadcast and 259 kg per 10a at 200ppm under band. 3. By broadcast application of phosphorus, root weight was higher and horizontal root expansion was much better than by band application.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.295-305
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• 1994

Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the allelopathic potential of alfalfa and vetch residues on soybean and corn using various extract concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%, w/v) and residue rates (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1%, w/w). Aqueous extracts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and vetch (Vicia spp.) exhibited an allelopathic effect on soybean and corn seed germination, seedling length and weight. The degree of inhibition significantly increased as the aqueous extract concentration increased. Alfalfa and vetch 20% extracts reduced soybean seed germination, seedling length and weight by 35%, 57%, 32% and 15%, 42%, 25% respectively, when compared to control. Corn germination, seedling length and weight was inhibited by 20%, 23%, 38% by alfalfa and 19%, 18%, 35% by 20% vetch extracts. Alfalfa and vetch extracts inhibited secondary root formation and branching as the extract concentration increased. Alfalfa and vetch 20% extracts inhibited by 41% and 32% secondary root numbers, respectively as compared to control. It was found that the aqueous extract of alfalfa resulted in greater reduction in germination, seedling length and weight of soybean than that of vetch. Alfalfa and vetch 1% residue rate inhibited soybean plant height by 30% and 10%, leaf area by 31% and 23%, and dry weight by 18% and 1%, nodule number by 27% and 20% also. Alfalfa and vetch residue significantly enhanced plant height, leaf area and dry weight of corn. The maximum stimulation occurred with 0.25% and 1% of alfalfa and vetch residue rates, respectively. Plant height, leaf area, and dry weight increased by 23%, 59%, 58% and 17%, 52%, 94% with alfalfa and vetch residues of 0.25% and 1%, respectively. This study demonstrates that there is an allelopathic potential resulting from alfalfa and vetch residues on soybean growth and yield. It also suggests that these residues may affect crop growth and development due to the inhibitory or stimulatory effects of allelochemicals existing in the residue.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.239-244
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• 1998

This experiment was to determine the effects of soil pH on crude components and aromatic constituents of Codonopsis lanceolata. Vine length of Codonopsis lanceolata grown at soil pH of 6.5 was longer(299cm) compared to that grown under other soil pHs. Fresh root weight increased at soil pH of 5.5 and 6.5, showing 17.9 and 15.6g per plant, respectively. Contents of crude components such as protein, fat, fiber, and ash decreased as soil became alkalized and crude ash content ranged from 2.99% to 3.85 %, showing a similar response to soil pH. Forty-eight volatile aromatic compounds in the root of Codonopsis lanceolata were identified by GC/MS. Major aromatic compounds were 1-hexanol, cis-3-hexanol, and trans-2-hexanol. In particular, trans-2-hexanol was highest in soil pH of 6.5, attaining the 156.87% area. Essential oil content was also highest at soil pH of 6.5 with 0.007%. As a result, it was considered that the soil pH of 6.5 was most effective for the improvement of essential oil and aromatic constituents in the roots of Condonopsis lanceolata Trautv.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.275-282
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• 2020

As pesticide safety was extended to agricultural environments and Positive List System was carried out, Pesticide safety management in soils has become even more important. To improve pesticide safety in soils needs the degradation technology of the residues in soils and reduce plant uptake of pesticides. In this study, biochars and quicklime as the degradation methods of pesticides (azoxystrboin, procymidone and tricyclazole) were used to identify the reduction effects. The experimental methods were putting biochars and quicklimes (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0% per 15 cm soil weight) in soils and analyzing the pesticide residues at 0, 10, 20, 35, 50 day. To identify the reduction effects of uptake from soil to korean cabbages (roots, leave, stems) by biochar treatment, the residues in samples were analyzed. As a results, azoxystrobin (36-96%), procymidone (40-117%) and tricyclazole (26-83%) were reduced in soils when treated with 2.0% quicklime (p<0.05). There were no reduction effect in soils when treated with 1.0% or less biochar. However, the amounts of residues translocated to roots (0.11-1.62 mg/kg), leave (0.05-0.29 mg/kg), stems (0.06-0.1 mg/kg) were reduced treated with 2.0% biochar treatments. The biochar and quicklime can be applicable to agricultural field to improve pesticide safety in soils.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.158-163
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• 1988

P. ginseng seedlings treated with GA,2,4-D and B-9 (N,N-dimethylsuccinamic acid) were grown under dark. Growth efficiencies ($E_1$ = St/Ro, $E_2$ = St1(Ro-Rt), $E_3$ = (Ro- Rt)/ Ro where St. Ro and Rt are shoot weight, initial root weight and root weight at time 1. respectiv$E_1$y) and other r$E_1$ated factors and their interr$E_1$ationship were investigated. $E_1$ and $E_3$ showed quadratic r$E_1$ation with temperature change while $E_2$ showed negative linear r$E_1$ation. $E_1$ depended on more $E_3$ component than $E_2$ component. The values of $E_2$ and $E_3$ are almost same. $E_2$ was greater than that reported previously suggesting large variation between roots. GA greatly increased $E_2$ and $E_3$ in supraoptimum temperature range while B-9 greatly decreased $E_3$ in all temperature range and $E_2$ in suboptimum range. Shoot weight showed highly significant positive linear corr$E_1$ation with substrate amount in most cases of PGR and temperature and with respiration loss in some cases. Respiration loss showed significant linear corr$E_1$ation positiv$E_1$y with $E_1$ and $E_3$ and negativ$E_1$y with $E_2$ only in suboptimal temperature range.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2005

To investigate control efficacy of flusulfamide GR (granule) on Chinese cabbage clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, experiment was accomplished in field located in Gangneungshi alpine area contaminated by P. brassicae. Flusulfamide GR provided control value of 84.6% and that was statistically significant difference from standard fungicides containing untreated control. To investigate ratio of reduction of resting spore according to fungicide treatment, soil of Chinese cabbage field before and after fungicide treatment were sampled and investigated density of resting spore. Resting spore density was not uniform in soil before fungicide treatment. Therefore, to investigate control efficacy of fungicide against clubroot, investigation on resting spore density was conducted before experiment and reflected in experimental design. Flusulfamide GR and DP (dust powder) provided 64.2% and 63.7% of reduction of resting spore on field soil after fungicide treatments. This result indicated that control efficacy of the fungicides was correlated with reduction of resting spore of P. brassicae. The increasing rate in fresh weight of above-ground part of Chinese cabbage by flusulfamide DP and GR, fluazinam DP and trifloxystrobin SC (suspension concentrate) was 14.3%, 13.0%, 13.8% and 3.8%, respectively. From above result, flusulmide GR have outstanding control efficacy against clubroot of Chinese cabbage and is effectively decreasing of resting spore density in soil.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.1
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• pp.42-51
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• 2011

This study was conducted to analyze correlation of above- and below-ground biomass and to drive regression equation suitable for estimating standing tree biomass between natural and planted stands of Pinus densiflora for. erecta of one age-class in Gangwon province, Republic of Korea. Total 40 trees, 10 from the naturally regenerated and 10 from the planted stands in each of two studied sites, were uprooted to measure height, diameter at root color (DRC), and the dry weights of stem, branches, and needles. The length, weight, and volume of the main and horizontal roots were also measured. Most of the above-ground traits except height were highly correlated with most of the other above-ground traits and the below-ground traits except the length of roots (p < 0.05). Especially, the DRC, which is measured easily on the standing tree, was highly correlated with most of the traits in all studied stands (p < 0.01). Thus, the DRC would be the most desirable trait to estimate not only above-ground biomass but also below-ground biomass. However, height was not a good variable to estimate standing tree biomass of Pinus densiflora for. erecta of one age-class in Gangwon province because it was not correlated with most of other traits. Regression equations derived from the current study could be used effectively as a basic data for estimating above-ground and below-ground biomass using DRC.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2005

Soybean sprouts presoaked to leaf extracts were on sale as taking a growing concern about wellbeing foods. The study was carried out to compare the effects of culture period after presoaking tea (Thea sinensis L.) and hard rubber tree (Eucommia ulmoides Oliver) leaf extracts on lateral root formation, growth and morphological characters of the sprouts. Seeds of three cultivars, Pungsannamulkong, Sowonkong and Junjery, were imbibed for 5 hours into 10% solutions immediately before 5, 6 and 7 day cultures. The cultured sprouts were classified into 4 categories to calculate their composition rates on the base of hypocotyllengths; >7 cm (A),4 to 7 cm (B),< 4 cm (C) and not germinated (D), and their morphological characters, fresh and dry weights were measured. Rate of A was the lowest in Junjery of the three cultivars, while that of C showed reverse result compared to A. Similar results to that of A were observed between the three cultivars in sprout length including hypocotyl and root, diameters in middle and hook parts of hypocotyl, total fresh and dry weights. Regardless of tea and hard rubber tree leaf extract treatments, longer culture periods increased rate of A due to decrements of B, C and D, and also did the growth and the morphological characters mentioned above. Although longer culture periods reduced the increment of lateral roots, the latter treatment was more delayed in their formation and less in the roots per sprout than the former one. The growth and the morphological characters above were less in the latter treatment than in the former one in general, meaning that hard rubber tree leaf extract could more repress growth of soybean sprouts than tea leaf extract.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 1999

Shoot morphological characteristics were affected by plant population densities in alfalfa. Shoots per plant, yield per shoot, yield per plant, and stem diameter increased with decreasing alfalfa population density. Winter survival was maximized at a plant population of $45plants\;m^{-2}$ or less. The grams of TNC per root increased as the stand density decreased. The lowest LT 50 occurred at the lowest stand density ($16plants\;m^{-2}$ having 25 cm plant spacing) and the highest LT 50 was attained at the highest stand density($494plants\;m^{-2}$ having 4.5 cm plant spacing). There were no differences in shoot morphology, winter survival, and cold hardiness in between 'Algonquin'and 'Vernal'. From this study, high stand density of alfalfa ($278plants\;m^{-2}$ or more) appears to be of little advantage compared to low stand density in terms of winter survival and cold hardiness.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2007

We have investigated the immunomodulatory activity of water extracts of Acanthopanax divaricatus var. alveofructus in male ICR mice. Mice were administrated with fermented milk containing freeze-dried extract 3 mg/Kg (A), 9 mg/kg (B), 27 mg/Kg (C) per body weight with A. divaricatus var. alveofructus (loots : leaves : stem) : Codonopsis lanceolata = (5 : 2 : 1.5) : 1.5 for 7 and 10 weeks, respectively. Body weight, relative organ weight, cellularity of lymphoid organs, plaque- forming cell (PFC) assay, agglutination (AGG) test and lymphoproliferation were examined in various groups of animals. Any significant differences of body weight gain were not recorded in the tested ICR mice. There was significant different (p<0.05) in the spleen index in B group of 10 weeks and C group of 7 weeks fed mouse. The thymus gain weight was increased during administration of the extract, but there was no significant increase on other organs gain. Humoral immunity as measured by PFC showed more decreased PFC level in 10 weeks than in 7 weeks. In the HT, A. divaricatus var. albeofructus extract also showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in C group of 10 weeks. Administration of extracts from A. divaricatus var. albeofructus increased significantly in the production of IgG antibodies on the mice immunized with SRBC in B group of 7 and 10 weeks (p<0.05).