• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.328-336
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• 1985

식이 중 지방함량이 성장기 뇌의 미토콘드리아 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 옥수수기름을 각각 10, 2, 0.5% 포함한 3종류의 식이를 임신한 Sprague Dawley종의 흰쥐에게 임신말기부터 제공했다. 수유기간 중의 영향을 살펴보기 위해 대조군(10%옥수수기름 섭취)의 일부에 분만 후 0.5% 결핍식이를 섭취시켰고, 또 이유후부터 0.5% 결핍식이군의 일부에 10% 정상식이를 주어 회복효과를 관찰하고자 하였다. 전 실험기간 동안 체중과 뇌 무게, 단백질 함량을 측정하였고 뇌에서의 미토콘드리아를 분리하여 지방산 조성을 관찰하였다. 출생후 수유기간 동안에는 대조군에 비해 지방결핍식이군에서 체중과 뇌의 무게가 다소 높았으나 이유 후 부터 점점 감소하여 유의적인 차이를 볼 수 없었고 특히 0.5% 식이군의 체중은 생후 6주와 7주에 유의적인 감소를 보였다. 그러나 체중에 대한 뇌무게와 뇌의 단백질 함량에 있어에는 대조군과 결핍군 사이에 유의적인 차이를 볼 수 없었다. 따라서 지방결핍이 뇌 성장에 미치는 영향은 다른 영양소에 비해 크지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 뇌 미토콘드리아의 지방산 조성은 나이와 식이에 따라 변하였다. 나이를 먹음에 따라 단쇄 포화 지방산은 감소하고 다 불포화 지방산의 함량은 증가하였다. 또한 결핍식이군과 대조군 사이에 뇌 미토콘드리아 지방산조성을 살펴 본 결과 지방 결핍의 좋은 지표가 되고 불포화도, triene 과 tetraene의 비, 그리고 ${\omega}-6$ 계열과 ${\omega}-9$ 계열의 비에 있어서 큰 차이를 볼 수 있었다. 이들로 부터 성장초기에 지방함량을 조절한 식이에 의해 뇌 미토콘드리아 지질 조성이 크게 변하고 이에따라 미토콘드리아의 기능도 유의적인 영향을 받고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.264-270
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• 2011

The Characteristics of the flowfield around three circular cylinders in tandem arrangement was investigated by PIV. Strouhal numbers, vorticity, velocity vectors and velocity profiles were observed at centre-to-centre space ratios of P/D=1.25~3.75, and Reynolds number of Re=$3.0{\times}10^3{\sim}5.0{\times}10^3$. As the results the Strouhal numbers measured in the rear region of 3rd the cylinder were distinguished three kind of regions with the space ratios and The flow pattern in the wake of each cylinder was different according to these regions. The time averaged flow at region of each cylinder was almost stagnated and the size of the stagnated region was small in order of 1st, 2nd and 3rd cylinder. The direction of vortex at the front and rear region of 2nd cylinder was opposed each other with the small difference(${\alpha}= {\pm}5^{\circ}$) of the attack angle ${\alpha}$.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.140-152
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• 1989

The study on the penetration of sprays during the initial phase of injection period, i.e. ignition delay period, in high speed small D.I. diesel engines are strongly affected by such behavior. To investigate the penetration of the sprays injected through single cylinderical orifice, a mathematical model was developed and compared with experimental results. In this model, radial heterogeneity of fuel density in the spray, transiency of injection pressure difference, and spray outrunning phenomenon were considered simultaneously. Experiments on the behaviors of sprays in the high pressure air chamber were conducted at various injection pressure differences and different levels of back air pressure. The behaviors of sprays injected into the chamber through the conventional Bosch injection pump were visualized with side stroboscopic illumination. Comparison of the experimental results with predictions from the mathematical model confirmed the validity of the model. It was also found that during the initial phase of the injection period the penetration of sprays vs. time appeared to have two transition points; one corresponded to disintegration point of liquid fuel jet, the other to the beginning of steady state injection.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.1862-1866
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• 2010

기후변화에 관한 정부간 협의체(International Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) 4차 보고서에는 21세기말 지구의 평균기온이 최대 $6.4^{\circ}C$ 까지 더 상승할 것으로 전망하였다(IPCC, 2007). 지구의 평균온도는 지난 100년 동안 $0.74^{\circ}C$ 상승하였으며 그중 0.45%는 최근 25년간 상승한 것이며 이것은 지난 100년 보다 2.4배나 빠르게 상승하고 있는 추세이다. 우리나라의 경우 기온이 전 지구평균기온에 비해 2배 이상 높은 $1.5^{\circ}C$정도 상승 하였다. 또한 온실가스 증가 속도는 다른 나라에 비해 빠르게 진행되고 있으며, 1990년에서 지난 2001년간 다른 OECD국가들과 비교했을 때 가장 빠르게 증가하고 있을 뿐 아니라($CO_2$배출량은 OECD국가 중 10위) 현재와 같은 에너지 다소비형 산업구조와 소비패턴으로는 온실가스 배출량이 감소할 가능성은 낮은 것으로 분석된다. 따라서 우리나라의 경우 다른 국가에 비하여 기후변화에 취약한 위치에 있고 민감하게 반응함에 따라 미래 기후변화에 대한 영향은 우리나라 농업수자원에 큰 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 기상청에서 제공하는 MM5 기상자료를 이용하여 농업용저수지 필요저수량 변화를 예측하였다. MM5 기상자료는 충남 서산관측소 과거 관측자료를 이용하여 편의보정을 거쳐 재추출하였다. 생성된 자료는 물수지분석 입력 자료로 구축하여 충남에 위치한 고풍저수지에 대하여 필요저수량변화를 예측하였다. 그 결과 기온상승으로 인한 실재증발산량은 676mm에서 717mm로 41mm가 증가하였으며, 소비수량 또한 1,617mm에서 1,659mm로 42mm 증가하였다. 유효우량은 2020s는 520mm 이였으나 2080s는 533mm으로 13mm 증가한 것으로 분석되었다. 본 자료를 이용하여 고풍저수지의 필요저수량을 분석한 결과 2020s, 2050s, 2080s 각각 31.2%(3,538.9천$m^3$), 16.0%(1,489.7천$m^3$), 26.6%(2,834.5천$m^3$)가 부족한 것으로 예측되었다. 이는 강우량은 증가하나 기준년도에 비하여 5월 8월이 낮게 예측된 것이 가장 큰 원인으로 분석되었다. 따라서 소비수량은 증가하지만 유효유량의 부족으로 필요저수량이 부족한 것으로 예측되었다.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.207-213
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• 1995

Author reviewed psychodynamics and psychoanalytic treatment of obesity. A variety of psychodynamics and unconscious conflicts have been described in obese patients : eating as a defense against depression, eating as a substitute for maternal love, obese body as a larger penis, and eating as a self-soothing. There was a gross neglect of certain normal parenting roles in obese family. The parenatal superego structure was not as perfectionistic. As with children and other patients with preoedipal pathology, in obese patients the analyst in addition to being transference object is a new and different object who promote healthy maturation. Because of obese parients, in there projective identification, can provoke intense countertransference, the analyst have to consider it. On the other hand, many analysts' countertransferences to superobese patients is that huge person recalls one's own childhood relationship with adults and bring forth a feeling of helplessness.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 2013

Progressive collapse is a chain reaction of failures propagating throughout a portion of a structure that is disproportionate to the original local failure. When column members are subjected to unexpected load (compression load), they will buckle if the applied load is greater than the critical load that induces buckling. The post-buckling strength of the columns will decrease rapidly, but if there is enough residual strength, the members will absorb the potential energy generated by the impact load to prevent progressive collapse. Thus, it is necessary to identify the relationship of the load-deformation of a column member in the progressive collapse of a structure up to final collapse. In this study, we carried out nonlinear FEM analysis and based on deflection theory, we investigated the load-deformation relationship of H-section steel columns when both ends were fixed.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.822-835
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• 1997

Background : There have been many in vitro evidences that interleukin-4(IL-4) might be the most important cytokine inducing IgE synthesis from B-cells, and interferon-gamma(IFN-$\gamma$) might be a main cytokine antagonizing IL-4-mediated IgE synthesis. Recently some reports demonstrated that IFN-$\gamma$ might be used as a new therapeutic modality in some allergic diseases with high serum IgE level, such as atopic dermatitis or bronchial asthma. To evaluate the in vivo effect of IFN-$\gamma$ in bronchial asthma we tried a clinical study. Methods : Fifty bronchial asthmatics(serum IgE level over 200 IU/ml) who did not respond to inhaled or systemic corticosteroid treatment, and 17 healthy nonsmoking volunteers were included in this study. The CD 23 expressions of peripheral B-cells, the IL-4 activities of peripheral T-cells, the serum soluble CD23(sCD23) levels, and the superoxide anion(${O_2}^-$) generations by peripheral PMN were compared between bronchial asthmatics and normal subjects. The IL-4 activities of peripheral T-cells were analyzed by T-cell supernatant (T-sup)-induced CD23 expression from tonsil B-cells. In bronchial asthmatics the serum IgE levels and histamine $PC_{20}$ in addition to the above parameters were also compared before and after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment. IFN-$\gamma$ was administered subcutaneously with a weekly dose of 30,000 IU per kilogram of body weight for 4 weeks. Results : The ${O_2}^-$ generations by peripheral PMNs in bronchial asthmatics were higher than normal subjects($8.23{\pm}0.94$ vs $5.00{\pm}0.68\;nmol/1{\times}10^6$ cells, P<0.05), and significantly decreased after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment compared to initial values($3.69{\pm}0.88$ vs $8.61{\pm}1.53\;nmol/1{\times}10^6$ cells, P<0.05). CD23 expression of peripheral B-cells in bronchial asthmatics was higher than normal subjects($47.47{\pm}2.96%$, vs $31.62{\pm}1.92%$, P<0.05), but showed no significant change after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment. The serum sCD23 levels in bronchial asthmatics were slightly higher than normal subjects($191.04{\pm}23.3\;U/ml$ vs $162.85{\pm}4.85\;U/ml$), and 11(64.7%) of 17 patients showed a decreasing pattern in their serum sCD23 levels after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment. However the means of serum sCD23 levels were not different before and after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment. The IL-4 activities of peripheral T-cells in bronchial asthmatics were slightly higher than normal subjects($22.48{\pm}6.81%$ vs $18.90{\pm}2.43%$), and slightly increased after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment($27.90{\pm}2.56%$). Nine(60%) of 15 patients showed a decreasing pattern in their serum IgE levels after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment. And the levels of serum IgE were significantly decreased after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment compared to initial values ($658.67{\pm}120.84\;IU/ml$ vs $1394.32{\pm}314.42\;IU/ml$, P<0.05). Ten(83.3%) of 12 patients showed an improving pattern in bronchial hyperresponsiveness after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment, and the means of histamine $PC_{20}$ were significantly increased after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment compared to initial values ($1.22{\pm}0.29mg/ml$ vs $0.69{\pm}0.17mg/ml$, P<0.05). Conclusion : Our results suggest that IFN-$\gamma$ may be useful as well as safety in the treatment of bronchial asthmatics with high serum IgE level and that in vivo effects of IFN-$\gamma$ may be different from its in vitro effects on the regulations of IgE synthesis or the respiratory burst of PMN.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.360-367
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• 2000

'Yumyeong' peach has desirable characteristics of long shelf-life and specific non-melting nature with long harvesting period. However, some fruits harvested too late tend to show fruit pithiness symptom or internal breakdown. The study was conducted to investigate the differences between fruit flesh pithiness and internal breakdown symptoms, and to find out inducing factors of flesh pithiness in 'Yumyeong' peach. The incidence of flesh pithiness was higher in the fruits harvested late. Sugar and malic acid contents were not different between normal fruits and flesh pithiness fruits, but the acidity was significantly lower affected by low citric acid content in flesh pithiness fruit. In flesh pithiness fruits, calcium contents were low in both skin and flesh. Occurrence of flesh pithiness fruits was high in the years with low precipitation and high temperature for 2 months before harvest. In observations on morphological characteristics, the parts showing flesh pithiness consisted of smaller cells than the normal parts. Tonoplasts were disintegrated and the number of dead cells was high in internal breakdown fruits, while the tonoplasts were intact with contracted vacuoles in flesh pithiness fruits. Tylosises were observed in vascular tissues around the flesh pithiness, therefore, it was assumed that those tylosises restricts flesh tissue development resulting in flesh pithiness. Other varieties such as 'Fantasia' and 'Wolmi' also showed tylosis and smaller cells were observed in the flesh tissue of these cultivars, indicating abnormal growth of the flesh part. These results suggested the possibility of the occurrence of pithiness like symptoms in other peach varieties.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.202-212
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• 2008

Purpose : The aim of this study was to develop a quality of life scale for children on chronic peritoneal dialysis(QOL-CPD). Methods : Thirty children on chronic PD at Seoul National University Children's Hospital participated. A healthy control group included 47 elementary school children. Other patients groups are 32 children from the department of pediatric orthopedics and 28 children from the department of child psychiatry. The age range of all children was 7 to 16 years. Preliminary items of the QOL-CPD were developed and administered along with the Korean version of the Children's Depression Inventory(CDI) to all children. Results : The final QOL-CPD was constructed by excluding those items with a factor loading of less than .20, and the principal axis factor analysis was performed again. The QOLCPD demonstrated a good internal consistency with a value of .87. The dialysis and childpsychiatric groups showed significantly lower QOL scores compared to the healthy control group. In addition, the dialysis and child-psychiatric groups showed greater difficulties on physical and academic functions. For the CDI, the PD group showed a mild level of depression. Conclusion : The results of this study demonstrate the clinical utility of a newly developed self-report QOL scale specific for children on chronic PD.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 1981

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the ingestion of rice and hamburger meals upon the plasma gastrin concentration in normal human subjects in Korea. Eight normal human subjects including male and female with the mean age of 28 years (range: 20-40 years) were studied. After an overnight(about 15 hrs) fast each subject ingested a rice meal and a hamburger meal on different days. The rice meal consisted of 250 g boiled rice, 50 g vegetables and 200 ml barley tea, corresponding to 6.8 g protein, 0.5 g fat and 81g carbohydrate and the hamburger meal consisted of 200 g hamburger, 50 g vegetables ana 200 ml milk, corresponding to 43 g protein, 43 g fat and 9 g carbohydrate. The venous blood samples were drawn before and after the ingestion of the test meal at the following times: -30, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min, for measurement of gastrin by radioimmunoassay. The following results were obtained : 1) Plasma gastrin concentration in response to the ingestion of the rice or the hamburger meal increased significantly compared with the concentration in fasting state. 2) The increase of the plasma gastrin concentration after the hamburger meal was significantly higher than that after the rice meal. 3) There was a significant linear correlation between the postprandial peak plasma gastrin concentration after the rice meal and the concentration after the hamburger meal in each subject. It is inferred from the above results that a carbohydrate meal as well as a protein meal has a stimulatory effect on gastrin release in normal human subjects.