• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.69-96
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• 2004

This study is based upon the assumption that trust is a pedestal of much importance in the relationship behavior marketing channel members conduct in their arena. Unlike the existing studies that consider trust to be a circular simple concept with the emphasis on mutually symmetrical relationship level, this study focuses on the asymmetrically different levels of asymmetric trust concept. The major results of this study are as follows: First, among the individual characteristics which could affect on trust, reputation plays a significant role in transaction. Second, in the domain of the relation between trust and relationship characteristics, opportunistic behavior is shown to influence upon trust. Communication is turn out not to be a significant factor in trust; in a further analysis, it is also shown to influence upon willingness to make future relationship behavior. Third, willingness to make future relationship behavior plays a significant influence on trust, which shows that trust is the very core factor in the long-term relationship behavior. We can find that the antecedent factors influencing upon the trust build-up are different between agents and buyers and the established trust influences upon the future relationship behavior. This study tries to show how trust is established and what role the trust conducts.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.663-669
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• 2016

A terahertz asymmetric split-loop resonator (ASLR) was analyzed for use in high-sensitivity sensing applications. Its structural asymmetricity induces an asymmetric Fano resonance which has a high quality factor compared to the symmetric eigen-resonance. The variations of the resonant frequency, transmission coefficient, and quality factor of the ASLR in the eigen and Fano resonances are analyzed as a function of its structural asymmetricity. Also, the surface current densities on the ASLR in both resonances are calculated to analyze the main cause of the variations of its transmission characteristics. The surface current of the ASLR in the eigen resonance shows a dipole resonance, which increases the radiation loss and reduces the quality factor. On the other hand, the surface current of the ASLR in the Fano resonance shows a trapped or quadrupole mode which has a low radiation loss. Therefore, the ASLR operated in the Fano resonance has a high quality factor. Terahertz, high-performance filters and high sensitivity sensors can be developed based on our analysis results of the ASLR having a high quality factor. These high-performance devices based on terahertz metamaterials could increase the adoption of terahertz industrial applications.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.3 s.116
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• pp.218-227
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• 2006

Although the submentovertex radiograph and surface EMG are not often used due to the difficulty of interpretation, they are accepted as useful diagnostic and analytic aids for skeletal asymmetry. There have been reports which state that they were also useful for the evaluation of vertical skeletal relations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlations between EMG data, measurements from submentovertex radiographs, facial types and facial asymmetry following examination of 60 asymmetric patients. The radiographic corpus length were greater in the nonaffected sides (p<0.001), gonion to interspinosum axis were greater in the affected sides and the mandibular condyle and gonion were located more anteriorly in the non-affected sides than in the affected sides but not significant (p=0.07). The activity of the anterior temporal muscle in rest position was higher in the affected sides than in the non-affected sides (p<0.01). The activity of the masseter muscle at maximum clenching was found to be nonsignificant but it was higher in the affected sides than in the non-affected sides (p=0.09). There was positive correlation between facial index and the intercondylar axes angle (p<0.01). There was positive correlation between masseter muscle activity in maximum occlusion and facial index in the affected and non-affected sides (p<0.05). The results demonstrate that the submentovertex radiograph and EMG can provide useful information for the evaluation of horizontal and vertical skeletal relations.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.729-737
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• 2014

A study has been carried out that effectively controls the vibration of asymmetric cable-stayed bridges caused by earthquakes with MR dampers. In order to enhance the practical serviceability of MR dampers, an asymmetric cable-stayed bridge structure has been designed and produced, and a MR damper has been produced so as to have this bridge structure controlled appropriately. An experiment that controls vertical and horizontal vibrations has been carried out by exciting the asymmetric cable-stayed bridge in the horizontal direction with the El-centro seismic wave. The control performance of the MR damper has been evaluated under the five control conditions in the experiments of vibration control in each direction. As a result of the experiment, MR dampers were proved to control vibrations more effectively when either Lyapunov control algorithm or Clipped-optimal control algorithm was used to control vibrations of the asymmetric cable-stayed bridge caused by earthquakes. In addition, different controlling effects were found in vibration controls in vertical and horizontal directions due to the asymmetry of the structure and the horizontal excitation. With such controlling effects, semi-active MR dampers are evaluated to effectively control vibrations caused by earthquakes in flexible and asymmetric structures such as asymmetric cable-stayed bridges.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2017

Objective : To identify the effect of symmetrical and asymmetric bilateral training For stroke patients in upper extremity recovery. Methods : 15 patients with stroke, randomized to an in- phase group(n =7) and anti-phase group(n =8). Each groups received symmetrical and asymmetric bilateral training, 30-min sessions per a day for 5 weeks, total 20 session.Accelerometer was used to evaluate the amount used for both groups. Y-BAT was used to evaluate performance status and satisfaction, ARAT was used to evaluate hand function. Results : the amount used of symmetrical movement training showed significant changes in affected and unaffected side. asymmetric bilateral training. there is a significant difference in affected side before and after receiving asymmetric bilateral training. Also, There was a significant difference between the groups on the affected side. Both training, there was no significant difference in performance, satisfaction, and upper limb function between group but, there was significant differences within-groups, Conclusions : Symmetric training showed higher motor performance than asymmetric training, but, To obtain a clearer difference, it would be necessary to use a neuromuscular assessment tool such as fMRI. Also, need a clearer training protocol and the need for follow-up studies on more stroke patients is suggested.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.9-24
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• 2009

We compare the relation among the annual distribution of sunspots: coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and geomagnetic storms and North-South asymmetry during solar cycle 23. For this purpose, we calculate correlation coefficients between (i) annual distribution and N-S asymmetry of CMEs - sunspots (ii) distribution of CMEs - occurrence number of geomagnetic storms (iii) distribution of sunspots - occurrence number of geomagnetic storms. We find that (i) the annual distribution of total CMEs has good correlation with distribution of annual average of sunspots but poor correlation with N-S asymmetry of sunspots, N-S asymmetry of CMEs has good correlation with N-S asymmetry of sunspots: (ii) total and N-S asymmetry of CMEs have poor correlation with occurrence number of geomagnetic storms, it's, however, well correlated with the classified groups of CMEs (Ap, Dst and an indices vs. fast CMEs($\upsilon$ > $1000kms^{-1}$), Dst index vs. Halo CMEs), and (iii) sunspot numbers and area are correlated with occurrence number of geomagnetic storms. We conclude that annual distribution of CMEs and sunspots have well correlated with geomagnetic storms, N-S asymmetry of CMEs and sunspots have poor correlated with the geomagnetic storms.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.35 no.2 s.109
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• pp.91-105
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• 2005

For af accurate diagnosis and treatment planning of facial asymmetry, the use of 3-dimensional (3-D) image is indispensable. The purpose of this study was to get standard data for the 3-D analysis of facial asymmetry Computerized tomography (CT) was taken in the 60 normal occlusion individuals (30 male. 30 female) who did not have any apparent facial asymmetry. The acquired 2D CT DICOM data were input on a computer, and the reformatted 3-D images were created using a 3-D image software. Twenty three measurements were established in order to evaluate asymmetry; 15 ;omear measurements (6 for ramus length. 1 for condylar neck length, and 8 for mandibular body length) and 8 angular measurements (4 for gonial angle. 2 for frontal ramal inclination. and 2 for lateral ramal inclination) The right aid left difference of each measurement was calculated and analyzed. It is suggested that the right and left differences of the measurements obtained from the study could be used as references for the diagnosis of facial asymmetric patients.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-30
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• 2010

This paper tested the lead-lag relationship as well as the symmetric and asymmetric volatility spillover effects between international currency futures markets and cash markets. We use five kinds of currency spot and futures markets such as British pound, Australian and Canadian dollar, Brasilian Real and won/dollar spot and futures markets. daily closing prices covering from September 15, 2003 to July 30, 2009. For this purpose we employed dynamic time series models such as the Granger causality based on VAR and time-varying MA(1)-GJR-GARCH(1, 1)-M. The main empirical results are as follows; First, according to Granger causality test, we find that the bilateral lead-lag relationship between the five countries' currency spot and futures market. The price discover effect from currency futures markets to spot market is relatively stronger than that from currency spot to futures markets. Second, based on the time varying GARCH model, we find that there is a bilateral conditional mean spillover effects between the five currency spot and futures markets. Third, we also find that there is a bilateral asymmetric volatility spillover effects between British pound, Canadian dollar, Brasilian Real and won/dollar spot and futures market. However there is a unilateral asymmetric volatility spillover effect from Australian dollar futures to cash market, not vice versa. From these empirical results we infer that most of currency futures markets have a much better price discovery function than currency cash market and are inefficient to the information.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.159-168
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• 2014

The news impact curve(NIC) originally proposed by Engle and Ng (1993) is a graphical representation of volatility for financial time series. The NIC is a simple but a powerful tool for identifying variability of a given time series. It is noted that the NIC is suited to symmetric volatility. Recently a lot of attention has been paid to asymmetric volatility models and therefore asymmetric version of the NIC would be useful in the field of financial time series. In this article, we propose to incorporate LASSO in constructing asymmetric NICs based on asymmetric GARCH models. In particular, bilinear GARCH models are considered and illustrated via KOSDAQ data.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.343-350
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• 2015

In this paper, we perform a study on the directionality of broadband ship radiation noise, mainly resulting from propeller cavitation. By examining a few foreign studies for ship radiation noise and domestic data measured in Korean waters, it is reconfirmed that the asymmetric directionality of the ship radiation noise at bow and stern aspect is observed commonly. In order to explore the reason of this asymmetric directionality, a numerical analysis, based on the acoustic boundary element method, is applied into the geometric form equal to the commercial ship used in the domestic experiment. The numerical result demonstrates that the diffraction of the propeller cavitation noise by ship is a primary cause of the bow-stern asymmetry in the directionality of ship radiation noise.