• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.51-59
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• 2001

Column and box tests were performed to investigate the removal efficiency of NAPL using the surfactant enhanced flushing In heterogeneous medium. Homogeneous Ottawa sand and heterogeneous soil were used to verify the increase of remediation efficiency for the surfactant enhanced flushing in column test. Box tests with two different heterogeneous sub-structure were performed to quantify the capability of the surfactant enhanced flushing as a remediation method to remove NAPL from the heterogeneous medium. Two different grain size sand layers were repeated in the box to simulate the heterogeneous layer formation and the modified fault structure was built to simulate the fault system in the box. O-xylene as a LNAPL and PCE as a DNAPL were used and oleamide as a non-ionic surfactant. The maximum NAPL effluent concentration with 1% oleamide flushing in the homogeneous column test increased about 460 times compared to that with only water flushing and about 250 times increased in the real soil column test. In heterogeneous medium, the maximum effluent concentration increased about 150 times in 1% oleamide flushing and most of NAPL were removed from the box within 8 pore volume flushing, suggesting that the removal efficiency increased very much compared to in only water flushing. Results investigated the capability of the surfactant enhanced remediation method to remove NAPL even in heterogeneous medium.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.142-168
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• 2000

The granites distributed in the Kyongsang basin contain the rocks which are different from the host rocks, and they are known as magic microgranular enclaves. The genesis of the magic micro-granular enclaves can be divided into four types: (1) rock fragments from country rocks; (2) cumulation of the early crystals in host magma or disruption of early chilled borders; (3) magma mingling; and (4) restite. These enclaves can be easily found in the granites around Mt. Wonhyo, Yangsan city. They are ellipsoidal in shape, and have phenocrysts might be originated from the host rocks and sharp contacts with the granites. Under the microscope, textures such as oscillation zoning, horn-blende-mantled quartz, rapakivi texture, and acicular apatite are observed, and these indicate that the enclaves were originated from magma and then produced by chilling. The evidences showing that the enclaves were formed by magma mingling are: (1) petrographical characteristics; (2) similarity of the compositions between the rim of plagioclase in the enclave and plagioclase in the granite; (3) linear trends of the major elements; (4) total REE content of the enclaves; and (5) Textural and compositional variations from rim to core in zoned enclaves. The magic end member of the enclave is regarded as the aphyric basaltic andesite in Mt. Sinbul-Youngchui area. The granites around Mt. Wonhyo experienced the magma mingling process which was produced by the injection of mafic magma at about 70 Ma, during the crystal differentiation, and then continued the crystallization. The equigranular granites and the micrographic granites in the study area are considered as the results after the magma mingling process.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.483-493
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• 1996

The tectonic environment and source characteristics of the Daebo granitic batholith in the central Ogcheon Belt were investigated based upon major and trace element geochemistry. The batholith is comprised of three granite types; a biotite granite (DBBG), K-feldspar megacryst-bearing biotite granite (DBKG), and a more mafic granodiorite (DBGD). The variations of Na and K in the granites can not be explained by simple fractional crystallization from the same primary magma. The irregular behavior of these alkali elements indicates a variety of source materials or incomplete mixing of different source materials. The large ion lithophile (LIL) element enrichment and low Ta/Hf ratios of the granites are typical characteristics of normal, calc-alkaline continental arc granitoids. Based upon REE patterns of the granites, it seems to be unreasonable to regard the felsic DBBG as a late stage differentiate formed by residual melts after the fractionation of major constituent minerals of the more mafic DBGD. Inconsistent variations in ${\varepsilon}_{Nd}(t)$ and LIL element concentrations of the granites preclude a mixing model between primitive melt and LIL element-enriched upper crustal materials. The irregular geochemical variation of the granites is taken to be largely inherited from an already heterogeneous source region.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.20-31
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• 2005

Three dimensional Monte-Carlo simulations of non-ergodic transport of a lion-reactive solute plume by steady-state groundwater flow under a uniform mean velocity in isotropic heterogeneous aquifers were conducted. The log-normally distributed hydraulic conductivity, K(x), is modeled as a random field. Significant efforts are made to reduce tile simulation uncertainties. Ensemble averages of the second spatial moments of the plume and plume centroid variances were simulated with 1600 Monte Carlo runs for three variances of log K, ${\sigma}_Y^2=0.09,\;0.23$, and 0.46, and three dimensionless lengths of line plume sources normal to the mean velocity. The simulated second spatial moment and the plume centroid variance in longitudinal direction fit well to the first order theoretical results while the simulated transverse moments are generally larger than the first order results. The first order theoretical results significantly underestimated the simulated dimensionless transverse moments for the aquifers of large ${\sigma}_Y^2$ and large dimensionless time. The ergodic condition for the second spatial moments is far from reaching in all cases simulated, and transport In transverse directions may reach ergodic condition much slower than that in longitudinal direction. The evolution of the contaminant transported in a heterogeneous aquifer is not affected by the shape of the initial plume but affected mainly by the degree of the heterogeneity and the size of the initial plume.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.3_4
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• pp.200-213
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• 2002

The Andong granitoid batholith represents five temporally distinct episodes (phases) of igneous activity. The batholith represents a plutonic complex of five pulsatively emplaced distinct intrusive multiphases. The petrochemical data show that the plutons fall into calc-alkaline series except for the Yean pluton, and plot within the diaenostic range for I-type origin and continental arc orogenic tectonic setting. Each pluton reveals systematic compositional variations of major and trace elements with $SiO_2$ or MgO, but different variation trends for some elements and considerably different REE patterns. Thus discontinuous, inconsistent variations in the elements indicate that the five plutons can not be explained by simple fractional crystallization from the same primary magma, but were intruded and solidified from the independent magmas of chemically heterogeneous origin. In the Andong, Dosan and Pungsan plutons, high values of molar CaO/(MgO+$FeO^{t}$ ) combined with low $Al_2$$O_3$/(MgO+$FeO^{t}$ ) and $K_2$O$Na_2$O ratios suggest a magma originated by dehydration melting of a metabasaltic to metatonalitic protolith. Whereas the Imha pluton show similar values of CaO/(MgO+$FeO^{t}$ ), but significantly higher ratios of $Al_2$$O_3$/(MgO+$FeO^{t}$ ) and $K_2$O$Na_2$O implying to a metagreywacke protolith.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.186-189
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• 2012

A 7-year-old castrated male Cocker spaniel dog was referred to Gyeongsang National University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with a severe abdominal distension. A huge, inhomogeneous fat opacity mass was identified on the abdomen radiographic survey. From the abdominal ultrasonographic examination, the mass was found to have irregular marginated hyperechoic capsule with cellular hypoechoic fluids inside. On the computed tomography, an encapsulated inhomogeneous mass was identified with fat attenuation peripheral and soft tissue attenuation inside. The origin of the mass was confirmed as falciform fat by surgical excision. The resected mass appeared to be a firm reddish-brown color with a smooth surface. The histopathological appearance was a well-differentiated liporsarcoma. The patient has no recurrent signs 1 month after surgery.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.603-612
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• 1997

Cretaceous sedimentary-volcanoclastic formations of the Kyeongsang Supergroup were intruded by granitic rocks in the late Cretaceous and early Tertiary. In the Euiseong and Shinryeong area, these intrusives have various compositions including gabbro, diorite，biotite granite and feldspar porphyry. Associated volcanic rocks consist of two chemically distinct types: the bimodal suite of basalt and rhyolite in the Keumseongsan caldera, and the felsic suite of andesite and rhyolite in the Sunamsan-Hwasan calderas. Most rocks are subalkaline, and follow a typical differentiation path of the calc-alkaline magma. The granitic rocks can be distinguished chemically from the volcanics by high Zr/Y ratios. Differences in Zr/Y and K/Y ratios between the two volcanic suites can be accounted for by mantle source and fractionation. Chondrite-normalized trace element abundances of granitic rocks are depleted in Th and K, whereas those of the Keumseongsan rhyolites are depleted in Sr and Ti. Rb, La and Ce is enriched in rhyolites of the Sunamsan-Hwasan calderas. $Rb-SiO_2$ and Rb-Y+Nb discrimination diagrams suggest that the intrusives and volcanics have a volcanic arc setting. K-Ar ages indicate four plutonic episodes : diorite (89 Ma), granite (66~62 Ma), granite and porphyry (55~52 Ma) and gabbro (52~45 Ma), and two volcanisms : bimodal basaltic and rhyolitic volcanism (71~66 Ma) in the Keumseongsan caldera, and felsic andesitic and rhyolitic volcanism (61~54 Ma) in the Sunamsan-Hwasan calderas. Geochemical and age data thus suggest that the igneous rocks are related to several geologic episodes during the late Cretaceous to early Tertiary.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.278-291
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• 2001

Mesothermal gold vein minerals of the Seolhwa mine were deposited in a single stage of massive quartz veins which filled the mainly NE-trending fault shear zones exclusively in the granitoid of the Gyeonggi Massif. The Seolhwa mesothermal gold mineralization is spatially associated with the Jurassic granitoid of 161 Ma. The vein quartz contains three main types of fluid inclusions at 25$^{\circ}$C: 1) low-salinity (< 5 wt.% NaCl), liquid CO$_{2}$-bearing, type IV inclusion; 2) gas-rich (> 70 vol.%), aqueous type II inclusions; 3) aqueous type I inclusions (0${\sim}$15 wt.% NaCl) containing small amounts of CO$_{2}$. The H$_{2}$O-CO$_{2}-CH$_{4}$-N$_{2}$-NaCl inclusions represent immiscible fluids trapped earlier along the solvurs curve at temperatures from 430$^{\circ}$ to 250$^{\circ}$C and pressures of 1 kbars. Detailed fluid inclusion chronologies may suggest a progressive decrease in pressure during the auriferous mineralization. The aqueous inclusion fluids represent either later fluids evelved through extensive fluid unmixing (CO$_{2}-CH$_{4}$ effervescence) from a homogeneous H$_{2}$O-CO$_{2}-CH$_{4}$-N$_{2}$-NaCl fluid due to decreases in temperature and pressure, or the influence of deep circulated meteoric waters possibly related to uplift and unloading of the mineralizing suites. The initial fluids were homogeneous containing H$_{2}$O-CO$_{2}-CH$_{4}$-N$_{2}$-NaCl components and the following properties: the initital temperature of >250$^{\circ}$ to 430$^{\circ}$C, X$_{CO}\;_{2}$ of 0.16 to 0.62, 5 to 14 mole% CH$_{4}$, 0.06 to 0.3 mole% N$_{2}$ and salinities of 0.4 to 4.9 wt.% NaCl. The T-X data for the Seolhwa gold mine may suggest that the Seolhwa auriferous hydrothermal system has been probably originated from adjacent granitic melt which facilitated the CH$_{4}$ formation and resulted in a reduced fluid state evidenced by the predominance of pyrrhotite. The dominance of negative ${\delta}\;^{34}$S values of sulfides (-0.6 to 1.4$%_o$o) are consistent with their deep igneous source.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.53-53
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• 2003

남한에 분포하는 현생 화강암류는 트라이아스기-쥬라기의 소위 대보화강암과 백악기-제3기의 불국사화강암으로 분류되어 왔다. 대보조산운동은 대동누층군의 퇴적이후에 일어난 조구조운동을 지칭하므로 트라이아스기의 화강암을 포함하는 대보화강암이라는 명칭은 그와 사실상 직접적인 관계는 없다. 트라이아스기-쥬라기의 화강암은 영덕, 청송 암체 외에는 경상분지 밖에 위치하고 백악기-제3기의 화강암은 속리산, 월악산 암체 외에는 경상분지 안쪽에 주로 분포한다. 트라이아스기-쥬라기의 화강암 중 영광-대전-청주-충주-원주-강릉 방면에 걸쳐 북동-남서 방향으로 분포하는 화강암질 저반은 남한에서 가장 넓은 면적을 차지하는 화강암체지만 신뢰할만한 연대측정 자료가 매우 부족한 실정이다. 이 화강암질 저반에 대해서는 Rb-Sr, K-Ar법이 해답을 주기 어렵다. 예를 들어 청주-음성-증평 지역의 화강암류에 대한 Rb-Sr 전암 자료는 분산이 심하며 약 380 Ma에 해당되는 초시선을 보여 기원물질의 불균질성 내지 불완전한 혼합 효과를 반영하고 있다. 옥천대와 영남육괴에 분포하는 일부 화강암체에 대해 잘못 보고된 Rb-Sr 전암연대 역시 모두 중광물의 U-Pb 연대보다 오래된 값을 보이는 것으로 보아 이들은 생성 당시부터 일정한 $^{87}$ Sr/$^{86}$Sr 초기치를 가지지 않고 Rb/Sr 비에 따른 양(+)의 기울기를 가졌음이 확실하다. 과잉의 방사기원 Ar을 가지거나 폐쇄온도가 낮은 광물들을 대상으로 한 K-Ar 자료 역시 화강암체의 관입편대를 정확하게 지시할 수는 없다. 우리는 이에 대한 연구의 일환으로 충청남도 청원군의 물류센터에서 채취한 중립질의 흑운모화강암 한 시료에 대한 U-Pb 스핀연대측정 결과를 다음과 같이 보고한다. $^{206}$ Pb$^{*}$ /$^{238}$ U age = 174.6$\pm$2.7 Ma $^{207}$ Pb$^{*}$ /$^{235}$ U age = 170.3$\pm$14.6 Ma $^{207}$ Pb$^{*}$ /$^{206}$ Pb sup */ age = 111$\pm$187 Ma 위에서 볼 수 있듯이 청주화강암의 스핀에 대해 콘코던트(concordant)한 연대가 얻어졌으며 자료의 오차, 스핀의 U-Pb계에 대한 폐쇄온도 및 화강암의 솔리더스(solidus)를 고려할 때 $^{206}$ Pb$^{*}$ /$^{238}$ U 연대인 174.6$\pm$2.7 Ma를 관입정치시기로 해석한다. 동일 시료의 흑운모에 대해서는 145 Ma의 Rb-Sr 연대가 얻어졌으며 따라서 관입이후 약 35$0^{\circ}C$까지 대략 1$0^{\circ}C$/Ma의 냉각속도를 구할 수 있었다. 청주화강암의 쥬라기 중기 연대는 영광-대전-청주-충주-원주-강릉 지역의 화강암질 저반이 대동누층군 퇴적 이후에 일어난 지구조 사건과 연관되었을 가능성을 지시하지만 이를 확인하기 위해서는 더 많은 자료가 요구된다. 우리는 현재 충주, 괴산 지역의 화강암체에 대해서도 스핀 연대측정을 수행중에 있으며 이들 자료를 암상을 구분하여 해석한다면 우리나라 중생대 지구조운동에 대한 새로운 사실이 밝혀질 수 있을 것으로 믿는다.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

As conventional oil and gas reservoirs become depleted, interests for oil sands has rapidly increased in the last decade. Oil sands are mixture of bitumen, water, and host sediments of sand and clay. Most oil sand is unconsolidated sand that is held together by bitumen. Bitumen has hydrocarbon in situ viscosity of >10,000 centipoises (cP) at reservoir condition and has API gravity between $8-14^{\circ}$. The largest oil sand deposits are in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. The reverves are approximated at 1.7 trillion barrels of initial oil-in-place and 173 billion barrels of remaining established reserves. Alberta has a number of oil sands deposits which are grouped into three oil sand development areas - the Athabasca, Cold Lake, and Peace River, with the largest current bitumen production from Athabasca. Principal oil sands deposits consist of the McMurray Fm and Wabiskaw Mbr in Athabasca area, the Gething and Bluesky formations in Peace River area, and relatively thin multi-reservoir deposits of McMurray, Clearwater, and Grand Rapid formations in Cold Lake area. The reservoir sediments were deposited in the foreland basin (Western Canada Sedimentary Basin) formed by collision between the Pacific and North America plates and the subsequent thrusting movements in the Mesozoic. The deposits are underlain by basement rocks of Paleozoic carbonates with highly variable topography. The oil sands deposits were formed during the Early Cretaceous transgression which occurred along the Cretaceous Interior Seaway in North America. The oil-sands-hosting McMurray and Wabiskaw deposits in the Athabasca area consist of the lower fluvial and the upper estuarine-offshore sediments, reflecting the broad and overall transgression. The deposits are characterized by facies heterogeneity of channelized reservoir sands and non-reservoir muds. Main reservoir bodies of the McMurray Formation are fluvial and estuarine channel-point bar complexes which are interbedded with fine-grained deposits formed in floodplain, tidal flat, and estuarine bay. The Wabiskaw deposits (basal member of the Clearwater Formation) commonly comprise sheet-shaped offshore muds and sands, but occasionally show deep-incision into the McMurray deposits, forming channelized reservoir sand bodies of oil sands. In Canada, bitumen of oil sands deposits is produced by surface mining or in-situ thermal recovery processes. Bitumen sands recovered by surface mining are changed into synthetic crude oil through extraction and upgrading processes. On the other hand, bitumen produced by in-situ thermal recovery is transported to refinery only through bitumen blending process. The in-situ thermal recovery technology is represented by Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage and Cyclic Steam Stimulation. These technologies are based on steam injection into bitumen sand reservoirs for increase in reservoir in-situ temperature and in bitumen mobility. In oil sands reservoirs, efficiency for steam propagation is controlled mainly by reservoir geology. Accordingly, understanding of geological factors and characteristics of oil sands reservoir deposits is prerequisite for well-designed development planning and effective bitumen production. As significant geological factors and characteristics in oil sands reservoir deposits, this study suggests (1) pay of bitumen sands and connectivity, (2) bitumen content and saturation, (3) geologic structure, (4) distribution of mud baffles and plugs, (5) thickness and lateral continuity of mud interbeds, (6) distribution of water-saturated sands, (7) distribution of gas-saturated sands, (8) direction of lateral accretion of point bar, (9) distribution of diagenetic layers and nodules, and (10) texture and fabric change within reservoir sand body.