• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.1 s.106
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• pp.106-111
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• 2004

Fecal coliform bacteria is one of the most common cause of water quality impairments in Virginia, USA. Instream concentrations of fecal coliform (FC) bacteria were routinely monitored to assess surface water quality of the Polecat Creek watershed. Median concentration in water samples collected from 1995 to 2000 ranged from 80 cfu/100 mL to t 70 cfu/100 mL, while geometric mean concentrations ranged from 81 cfu/100 mL to 141 cfu/100 mL. The dilution and deposition by Lake Caroline may cause to lower FC concentration at monitoring site QPB, as compared FC concentration at QPD. Higher in-stream FC concentration occurred during the summer period(June-August), and lower concentration typically occurred during the winter period (December-February). This is due to more cattle in streams, and greater survival and regrowth of FC bacteria under warmer condition. The findings of this study can be helpful in planning the water quality monitoring program to avoid the inaccurate assessment of water quality due to the timing of sample collection.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1395-1408
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• 2014

In this research, a River Recreation Index Model (RRIM) was developed to provide sufficient information on the water quality of rivers to the public in order to secure safety of publics. River Recreation Index (RRI) is an integrated water quality information for recreation activities in rivers and expressed as the point from 0 to 100. The proposed RRIM consisted of two sub models: Fecal Coliform Model (FCM) and Water Quality Index Model (WQIM). FCM predicted Fecal Coliform Grade (FCG) using a logistic regression and WQIM synthesized water quality parameters of, DO, pH, turbidity and chlorophyll a into Water Quality Index (WQI). FCG and WQI were integrated into RRI by the integrating algorithm. The proposed model was applied to upstream of Gangjeong Weir in Nakdong River, and compared with Real Time Water Quality Index (RTWQI) which is the existing water quality information system for recreation use. The results show that calculated RRI reflected change of integrated water quality parameters well. Especially chlorophyll a showed Pearson correlation coefficient -0.85 with RRI. Also, RRIM produced more conservative index than RTWQI because RRI was calculated considering uncertainty of water quality criteria. Further, RRI showed especially low values when fecal coliform was predicted as low grade.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.90-95
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• 2010

The application of livestock manure to cropland is a practice that has been used for centuries. Agricultural crops can utilize nutrients from manure, and the producer can utilize land for disposal, although in a "sustainable system" the concept is manure utilization and not waste disposal. However, meeting regulatory criteria regarding microbial quality remains an expensive and time consuming process. The purpose of this study was to quantify the level of environmental impact of soil moisture and temperature on fecal coliform (Escherichia coli or E. coli) survival in upland soils for sound application of livestock manure. Samples were collected up to 30 days depending on the given conditions. The inactivation rate of E. coli increased linearly with increased temperature while the inactivation rate gradually decreased with decreased soil moisture level. The overall findings of this study showed that the temperature was the limited factor on E. coli survival in soils over soil moisture content. This study will provide useful and practical guidelines to applicators of soil in deciding appropriate handling and time frames for land application for sustainable agriculture.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.998-1002
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 HSPF 모형을 이용하여 유역 단위에서의 점원 비점원에 의한 분변성 대장균을 모의하였다. 대상유역으로는 경기도 화성시 발안면과 팔탄면에 위치한 발안저수지 유역의 HP#7 소유역으로 선정하였으며, 대상지구의 기상자료, 지형자료, 수문자료 및 대장균 자료를 구축하였다. 대장균 모의를 위한 실측자료는 현장에서의 샘플링 방법과 실험에 의한 오차, 대장균 실험의 경제성 등을 고려하여 실측자료의 상한값과 하한값을 두어 실측자료를 보정하였다. 모형의 매개변수 보정은 $2002{\sim}2003$년의 관측 자료를, 모형의 보정은 $2004{\sim}2005$년의 관측 자료를 활용하여 모형의 적용 타당성을 검토하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1998

북만 해수의 물리 화학적 및 미생물학적 특성과 북만에서 양식되고 있는 굴에 대한 세균학적 수질을 조사하여 수출용 패류생산지정 해역수질에 합당한가를 파악함과 동시에 지표세균의 조성, 병원성 세균 등을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.사 기간중 불반 해수의 수온은 6.8 -23.$0^{\circ}C$, 투명도는 2.7-5.9m, COD 1.55-2.12 mg/1, DO 6.3-10.1 mg/1, 용존질소 1.63-20.87 $\mu\textrm{g}$-at/1, 인산염 0.16-1.66 $\mu\textrm{g}$-at/1, Chlorophyll. a는 1.04-6.78 mg/ ㎥범위였으며 염분농도는 31.57-34.47$\textperthousand$였다. 북만 해수의 세균학적 수질은 통영항, 인평포, 법송포 및 북신만 안쪽의 일부 해역을 제외하고는 수출용 패류의 생산해역의 수질기준에 합당하였다. 대장균군의 최확수는 양식을 하지 않는 조사지점 1과 2를 제외하고 해수 100ml 당 < 3.0-4,600의 범위였으며 230을 초과하는 시료의 비율은 10.7%였고, 분변계 대장균의 최확수는 <3.0-1,100의 범위였으며 43을 초과하는 시료의 비율은 9.5%로 한계치 10%를 약간 상회하였다. 대장균군의 분류겨로가 Escherichia coli가 약 52%나 되어 오염원의 주류가 분변오염임을 알 수 있었다. 살모넬라, 시겔라, 콜레라균 등 수인성 병원세균은 검출되지 않았다. 병원성 비브리오균은 여름철인 6-8월 사이에는 시료의 9-22%에서 양성으로 나타났다. 굴 내에 생균수는 2.0 x $10^{2}$-1.6 x $10^{3}$범위였고 대장균군의 최확수는 <18 - 16,000, 중앙치는 176, 분변계 대장균은 <18-2,400, 중앙치는 었다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 1970

The effect of fresh water and various concentrations of aged seawater on the survival of fecal pollution bacteria, Escherichia coli, type I, Aerobacter aerogenes type I, and Streptococcus faecalis type were determined. Survivals of bacteria were measured by the membrane silter technique. Three species of bacteria indicate more tolerance in fresh water than in seawater. After 14-day incubation in fresh water, survival rates of bacteria were 90% withe E.coli, 20% with A.aerogenes, and 0.6% with Str.faecalis. However, the survival rate of fecal pollution bacteria decreases as the concetnration of seawater is increased. Generally, the death rate of E.coli is least affected by concentration of seawater. A.aerogenes is eliminated more rapidly with higher concentration of seawater, while Str.faecalis marks rather slight variation of elimination in various concentrations of seawater. In 100- percent seawater (Cl 18.1 ), the days required for 99.9% elimination of bacteria were 4.5 days with A.aerogenes, and 6.5 days with E.coli and Str.faecalis.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1995.10b
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• pp.204.1-204
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• 1995

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

In order to assess seasonal and geographical characteristics of pollutant Escherichia coli, we investigated its distribution in Nakdong River mouth and Busan coastal water from February 2013 to November 2015. The coastal area was divided into five different zones (I-V) based on the pollutant level and geographical characteristics. During the study periods, water temperature and salinity varied from 7.50 to 27.64℃ and 16.82 to 34.82 psu, respectively. The annual water temperature variation was characterized in temperate zone. The salinity was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in zone IV and zone III after heavy rain during summer season in 2014, resulting led to elevated E. coli biomass. The highest colony formation of E. coli was recorded at 6,000 cfu l^-1 during autumn at station 1 (zone I). On the other hands, during all seasons of 2015, E. coli abundances were kept to be low level in zone III. The E. coli was not significantly (p>0.05) correlated with water temperature. However, the salinity was significantly (r=-0.53, p<0.05) correlated with the E. coli, implying that salinity plays a crucial role in the proliferation of E. coli. Consequently, E. coli in western Busan coastal water might have been significantly promoted by pollutant sources from Nakdong Rive discharge during the spring and summer rainy seasons depending on annual rainfall variations. On the other hands, E. coli in station 1 (i.e., Suyeong Bay) was obviously high due to influences of discharge water from municipal wastewater treatment plant. However, there was no clear seasonality of E. coli.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.40-52
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• 2001

Using a biochemical indicator, the effects of fecal pollution in the estuary of the Nakdong river and in the Chinhae Hay were investigated from summer to winter in 1997-1998. The biochemical indicator used in this study was coprostanol (5-cholestan-3-ol) which is a kind of fecal sterol. It is a useful tracer of fecal pollution, as it is only found in feces of mammals including humans. Coprostanol was less affected by surrounding environments than other indicators of fecal pollution such as fecal coliform or ammonium and was proved to be a good indicator of fecal pollution. Therefore, long-term observations of coprostanol and related compounds could be used as useful indicators for the effects of feces on marine environments and ecosystems.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2009

This research was performed to figure out the optimal mixing ratio of food- to livestock wastewater for the best degradation of organic matter in the anaerobic digestion. The presence of various microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, was also investigated in both wastewater in this process. Enteric bacteria were only found in livestock wastewater, whereas pathogenic bacteria like S. aureus were detected in both wastewater. The optimal mixing ratio of food- to livestock wastewater for the best mineralization was found to fifty to fifty, with reduction ratios of $BOD_5$, CODcr SS as 23.2%, 24.7%, 19.7%, respectively. Hygiene of the digested sludge was also analyzed by counting the number of total colonies and various pathogens. Enterobacteriaceae including E. coli were barely detected in 10 days after reaction. Meanwhile, S. aureus was gradually reduced during reaction, even showing 1,000~5,000 CFU/mL in final days.