• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.107-113
• /
• 1986

Each of 48 monoconidial isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. obtained from diseased fruits of pepper was classified into strain G or strain R based upon pathogenicity to green and red fruits, morphology of conidia, and cultural characteristics in potato dextrose agar. The strain G was designated for isolates to cause anthracnose symptoms both on green and red fruits. All isolates of the strain G produced conidia abundantly. but produced no perithecia and setae in PDA. Conidia of all isolates in the strain G were attenuated or round at one end. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of strain G was $26-28^{\circ}C$. The mycelia of strain G in PDA appeared to be whitish when young, and turned to be dark in old culture. Symptoms on pepper fruits caused by the strain G were somewhat sunken to be circular to elliptical lesions. Yellowish conidial masse were observed at the center of lesions, and the lesions turned to irregular shape and to reddish brown color in the later stage of disease development. No setae were visible on the acervuli. The strain R was designated for isolates to cause anthracnose symptoms only on red fruits of pepper. All isolates of the strain R produce conidia, and perithecia of Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld. & v. Sch. in PDA. Some isolates of the strain R produced setae in culture under fluorescent light. Conidia of all isolates in the strain R were round and blunt at the ends. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of strain R was the same as that of strain G. The mycelial growth of strain R was faster than that of strain G in PDA. The mycelia of strain R in PDA appeared to be gray to dark. Symptoms on pepper fruits caused by the strain R were circular to irregular black ring-spots Short setae or no setae were visible on the acervuli.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.66-74
• /
• 2012

Purpose: To compare the outcome of two methods of chronic calcific tendinitis (CCT) treatment, Multiple drilling alone versus combined drilling and extracorporeal shock-wave therapy (ESWT). Furthermore, to analyze the clinical and radiologic results of different energy level configurations of ESWT. Materials and Methods: Among the patients complaining shoulder pain who visited the clinic from June 2010 to August 2011, 98 were diagnosed with CCT of the supraspinatus and were divided into the following three groups. Multiple drilling alone (n=31), Multiple drilling followed by high-energy ESWT (n=31), Multiple drilling followed by low-energy ESWT (n=36). The study was conducted only with patients with chronic pain persisting longer than six months despite prolonged conservative therapy. Clinical evaluation was done before and after 12 weeks from treatment, in clinical terms using the ASES, KSS, CSS system reflecting performance and symptom improvement, and in radiologic terms by studying the change in size of the calcific nodules. Results: All of three groups showed effects for improvement of clinical function and decrease of calcification and clinical improvement was significantly high in comparison between the group fulfilled by only multiple needling (the third group) and the group fulfilled by additional ESWT (the first and second groups) and in the radiological evaluation, calcification size and the rate of calcification decrease showed significant improvement statistically. For the comparison among the groups, degree of clinical function improvement and rate of calcification decrease showed significant difference between high energy group (the first group) and multiple needling group (the third group) as well as low energy group (the second group) and multiple needling group (the third group). But, in comparison between high energy group (the first group) and low energy group (the second group), there was no significant difference for the degree of clinical function improvement and rate of calcification decrease. Conclusion: For the treatment of chronic calcific tendinitis, additional ESWT showed more superior effects on clinical function improvement and radiological improvement regardless of the energy standard rather than the exclusive fulfillment of needling. But, as the result of ESWT by the energy standard, there was no significant difference for the decrease of calcification and degree of clinical function improvement.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.15-20
• /
• 1973

This will be second publication regard with silkworm selection using anesthetic followed by previous report. This treatise investigated for nacorsis recovery concerned with silkworm health through more directions than the previous paper. After the author has found a possibility of silkworm seperation through nacorsis recovery, he has recommended to use Balance Health (BH) value system to evaluate or identify silkworm health and to produce better homogeneous silkworm eggs. Also, the author has continued the observation for the next generation how once nacortized parents affect to their family. The obtained results are summarized as followings. 1. Basic investigation a) Hybrid silkworm variety recovers from nacorsis earlyer than pure line because it is stronger. b) Strong pure line variety recovers from nacorsis earlyer than weak one because it is stronger. c) Male worm recovers from nacorsis earlyer than female worm because it is stronger. 2. Establishment of Balance Health(BH) value system. In order to identify each seperated group by nacorsis and their family, the following Balance Health (BH) value indicating system was established.(Table Omitted) 3. In order to select better silkworm during breeding service, the BH value indicating system is strongly recommended. That is, in case BH value is smaller than four, it would be strong group or in case BH value is larger than four, it would be weak group. 4. Once nacortized parents do not harm any nature for next generation regardless P$_1$ or F$_1$ production. 5. The seperation through nacorsis may delay retrograde phenomenon some years than other case, so, this system should be used for pure line production every year. 6. It is recommended to nacortize silkworm for five minutes on breeding purpose, but two and half minutes on pure lines reproduction at fifth instar. 7. This report has been discussed in relation to practical industry promotion aspects, but there are many subjects to be solved from academical aspect in future

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.181-194
• /
• 2002

Parasitism is a one-sided relationship between two organisms in which one benefits at the expense of the other. Parasitic dinoflagellates, particularly species of Amoebophrya, have long been thought to be a potential biological agent for controlling harmful algal bloom(HAB). Amoebophrya infections have been reported for over 40 species representing more than 24 dinoflagellate genera including a few toxic species. Parasitic dinoflagellates Amoebophrya spp. have a relatively simple life cycle consisting of an infective dispersal stage (dinospore), an intracellular growth stage(trophont), and an extracellular reproductive stage(vermiform). Biology of dinospores such as infectivity, survival, and ability to successfully infect host cells differs among dinoflagellate host-parasite systems. There are growing reports that Amoebophrya spp.(previously, collectively known as Amoebophrya ceratii) exhibit the strong host specificity and would be a species complex composed of several host-specific taxa, based on the marked differences in host-parasite biology, cross infection, and molecular genetic data. Dinoflagellates become reproductively incompetent and are eventually killed by the parasite once infected. During the infection cycle of the parasite, the infected host exhibits ecophysiologically different patterns from those of uninfected host in various ways. Photosynthetic performance in autotrophic dinoflagellates can be significantly altered following infection by parasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya, with the magnitude of the effects over the infection cycle of the parasite depending on the site of infection. Parasitism by the parasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya could have significant impacts on host behavior such as diel vertical migration. Parasitic dinoflagellates may not only stimulate rapid cycling of dissolved organic materials and/or trace metals but also would repackage the relatively large sized host biomass into a number of smaller dinospores, thereby leading to better retention of host's material and energy within the microbial loop. To better understand the roles of parasites in plankton ecology and harmful algal dynamics, further research on a variety of dinoflagellate host-parasite systems is needed.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.185-209
• /
• 1997

Granitic rocks in the Cheongsan area cosist of three plutons-Baegrog granodiorite, Cheongsan porphyritic granite, and two mica granite. Amphilboles from the Baegrog granodiorite belong to the calcic amphilbole group and show compositional variations from magnesio-hornblende in the core to actinolitic hornblende in the rim. Biotites from the three granites represent intermediate compositions between phlogopite and annite. Muscovites from the two mica granite are considered to be primary muscovite in terms of the occurrence and mineral chemistry. Each granitic rock reveals systematic variation of major oxide contents with $SiO_2$. Major oxide variation trends of the Baegrog granodiorite are fairly different from those of Cheongsan porphyritic granite and two mica granite. The latter two granitic rocks are also different with each other in variation trends for some oxides. Thus three granitic rocks in the Cheongsan area were solidifield from the independent magmas of chemically different, heterogeneous origin. The granitic rocks in the area show calc-alkaline nature. The whole rock geochemistry shows that the Baegrog granodiorite and Cheongsan porphyritic granite belong to metaluminous, I-type granite, whereas the two mica granite to peraluminous, I/S-type granite. The opaque mineral contents and magnetic susceptibility represent that the granitic rocks in the area are ilmenite-series granite, indicating that each magma was solidified under relatively reducing environment. The tectonic environment of the granitic activity in the area seems to have been active continental margin. Alkali feldspar megacryst in the Cheongsan porphyritic granite is considered to be magmatic, judging from the crystal size, shape, arrangement, and distribution pattern of inclusions. The petro-graphical characteristics of the Cheongsan porphyritic granite can be explained by two stage crystallization. Under the smaller degree of undercooling the alkali feldspar megacrysts rapidly grew owing to slow rate of nucleation and fast growth rate. At the larger degree of undercooling the nucleation rate and density drastically increased and the small crystals of the matrix were formed.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.101-110
• /
• 2004

The growth and niche breath of four species, i.e., native plants such as Bidens tripauita and B. bipinnata and naturalized plants such as B. frondosa and B. pilosa var. minor, were studied as related with environmental gradients including light intensity, soil moisture and soil nutrient. There were no significant differences in the phonology within each environmental gradients while considerable differences were found between species; the two naturalized species bloomed and produced fruit later than the two native species. Two naturalized species exhibited relatively higher total dry weight than the two native counterparts within all environmental gradients. Total dry weight showed positive responses to light intensity and soil moisture, and negatively to soil nutrient. The relative contribution of the environmental factors to total dry weight decreased in the order of soil nutrient, soil moisture and light intensity. Both B. bipinnata and B. pilosa var. minor showed significantly higher net assimilation rate (NAR) than other species. Also, NARs of B. bipinnata and B. pilosa var. minor decreased with increasing soil nutrient. Relative growth rate (RGR) decreased in order of B. tripartita, B. bipinnata, B. frondosa and B. pilosa var. minor in response to light intensity. In addition, RGRs of B. bipinnata and B. piEosa yay. minor increased in response to soil moisture, while those of B. pilosa var. minor and B. tripartita decreased with increment of soil nutrient. No significant fluctuations of shoot/root ratio were not observed in three species, but a native species, B. tripartita showed n decreased shoot/root ratio in response to soil nutrient. Comparing the growth characteristics of the species, B. pitosa var. minor and 3. tripartita revealed vigorous growth on barren soil. On the other hand, B. frondosa exhibited vigorous growth on fertile soil. Morphologically, B. tripartita adapted to light and required considerable moisture. On the contrary, the leaves of B. bipinnata did not change considerably in their area, although it preferred habitat with abundant light. In terms of niche breadth, B. bipinnata showed the widest ranges of 0.875 and 0.845 for light intensity and soil moisture gradients, respectively. B. pilosa var. minor showed a value of 0.933 for soil nutrient gradient. B. tripartita showed narrow ranges for the three environmental factors, whereas B. frondosa showed wide values for light intensity and soil nutrient, but relatively narrow value for soil moisture.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.99-105
• /
• 1974

According to the content of sugar and starch of each positional leaf sheath and internode at heading and 4 weeks after it using IR667-Suwon 214 (high yielding var. having tropical Indica parantage) and Jinheung (local leading var. temperate Japonica) rice grown in various cultivation seasons the suitability of grouping into the high sugar type (sugar>starch), sugar, tendency (increasing tendency in sugar content), high starh type (starch>sugar) and starch tendency (increasing tendency in starch) in carbohydrate metabolism was reexamined as follows. 1. Sugar tendency appeared strongly in IR667 than Jinheung, internode than leaf sheath, late season cultivation than early season, 4 weeks after than heading and high temperature than low temperature. Thus at heading, leaf sheath and internode of Jinheung in early and late season cultivation were high starch type, and lower internode in early season cultiattion and leaf sheath and internode in late season for IR667 were high sugar type. In very late season all internodes of both varieties except 1st internode of Jinheung at heading were high starch type. At four week after heading all leaf sheaths except 1st and 4th one of Jinheung and all internodes were high sugar type. High sugar type was intensified 4 weeks after heading in leaf sheaths than in internodes of IR667 in early season and of both varieties in late season. 2. The upper three leaf sheaths and internodes seem to work in the same way for carbohydrate translocation. Among them upper ones showed sugar tendency at heading and starch tendency 4 weeks after heading and it was clear in Jinheung. 3. The later the cultivation season, the higher the carbohydrate content (sugar+starch), and such tendency was clear 4 weeks after heading and in IR667, suggesting teanslocation inhibition by low temperature. 4. Grain filling rate (weight increase per day) was more rapid in early season cultivation and IR667 took shorter days to reach maximum rate. 5. The later the cultivation season, the greater the percent contribution of carbohydrate before heading to yield and it was always greater in IR667, a leaf sheath type. 6. Sugar and starch ratio appears to be determined principally by metabolic characteristics of variety according to growth process and secondly but considerably by environmental factors.

• Neonatal Medicine
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.76-81
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The object of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of early total parenteral nutrition with early amino acid in extremely low birth weight infant (ELBWI). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of all ELBWIs who were born and admitted to Samsung Medical Center from January 2003 to December 2003 and January 2009 to December 2009 and alive at the time of discharge. Data for nutritional status and morbidities were compared between period 1 (2003, n=22), in which parenteral nutritional support was started gradually over several days and period 2 (2009, n=38), in which parenteral nutrition with amino acid was started as soon as possible after birth. Results: Compared to period 1, birth weight and Apgar score were lower in period 2. The intake amount of glucose, amino acid and total calorie was higher and the level of blood urea nitrogen was increased more from 7th day to 14th day after birth in period 2 when compared than period 1. The weight gain velocity was faster at 7th and 14th postnatal day in period 2. There were no differences in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and severe intraventricular hemorrhage (${\geq}$ Gr III) between two periods but, the incidence of periventricular leukomalacia(PVL) was significantly lower in period 2. Conclusion: Early initiation of total parenteral nutrition with early amino acid in ELBWIs was beneficial at weight gain with lowering catabolism and increasing anabolism. And it could be related with reducing the incidence of PVL.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.47-53
• /
• 2007

In this study, we investigated the properties of incubation and growing of Pleurotus eryngii in addition to the mycological properties to use them as basic data for breeding. The speed of mycelial growth on the MCM was faster than on the PDA. The biomass in the PDB broth culture was higher than in the MCM and YMG broth culture. KNR2515 and KNR2516 required 19 days for growth of mycelia on commercial sawdust media. KNR2503 required 6.5 days and 15.3 days for pin-heading and harvesting, respectively. In morphological properties by the mushroom, the heights of KNR2312 and KNR2322 were 122.7 and 121.0 mm, respectively. The thickness of KNR2322 and KNR2513 were 39.8 mm and 31.3 mm, respectively. The weight of KNR2524's fruiting body was 36.3 g, which is good as wild strain. The quality of fruiting body of KNR2503 was 4.0 in comparison to the score 7 of commercially cultivated strains. KNR2512 had the darkest color of pileus with L value 43.6. The slow growing strains, KNR2511, KNR2513, and KNR2512 had the bright pileus with L value 80. In morphological characteristics, KNR2511, KNR2513, and KNR2515 had white lamellar and plane pileus. The three strains are supposed to be the same group and KNR2516 and KNR2518 appeared to be related to the group. The commercially cultivated strains had convex pileus, KNR2502, KNR2503, KNR2504, KNR2521, and KNR2525 had infundibuliform, and the other strains had plane pileus. Several strains were valuable for breeding, JNR2503 for growth rate, KNR2512 for pileus color, and KNR2312, KNR2322, KNR2503, and KNR2513 for the quality.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.33 no.5_3
• /
• pp.835-854
• /
• 2017

Government regulations and policies are important means of restraining the indiscreet expansion of urban areas. According to the standards from those means, it is clear that the fluctuation of forest green proportion encroached by the increase of urban space is obvious. In this study, we interpreted the changes of urban areas as well as the green ones owing to the urban expansion by the decades from 1996, with focusing on the cities of Seoul and Daegu highly developed in South Korea. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial expansion and morphological characteristics of urban land cover using not only satellite imageries (1996, 2006, 2016). but also the urban expansion intensity index (UEII) and GUIDOS program. Ultimately, this study is to compare the changes in the rate of forests due to urban expansions annually analyzed based on areas of forest elevation, slope, and the area of single forest patch. In Seoul, the expansion begun from urban space to suburban areas was comparatively rapid, which led the forest fragmentation and the gradual decline of the single patch. However, when it comes to DEM (Digital elevation model) and slope above a certain standard, by the development regulations, there was little decrease in area by anthropogenic developments. The city of Daegu has increased at a slow speed since 1996 in urban and suburban areas, whereas green forests have greatly increased through green forest conservation campaigns. In this way, as to the government policies and regulations, the quantitative and morphological expansion of cities owing to development could be controlled and forest spaces could be preserved as well. Therefore, regulations and policies by the government should be appropriately utilized for sustainable cities.