• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.203-233
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• 2005

기존 연구에 의하면 중국 여성의 사회적 지위는 높게 평가된다. 그러나 실증적인 자료에 근거하여 이루어진 중국 여성의 가족 내 지위에 대한 연구는 매우 부족하다. 이 연구는 중국 여성의 지위에 대한 균형적인 시각을 얻기 위하여 가족 내 여성의 지위를 알아보고자 한다. 가족 내 여성의 지위를 파악하기 위하여 아버지의 자녀 양육과 자녀교육 관련 의사결정 과정에의 참여를 중심으로 성역할 분담을 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 6개 도시 지역과 농촌 지역에서 수집된 자료의 통계 분석와 상해 산동 지역에서의 포커스 그룹 인터뷰가 통합적으로 이용되었다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지역에 관계없이 중국 사회에서 자녀 양육의 주책임은 어머니에게 있다. 둘째, 아버지들은 자녀 양육 활동보다 의사결정 과정에 더 높은 참여율을 보인다. 셋째, 아버지의 자녀 양육 참여율은 농촌에 비해 도시 지역에서 높게 나타난다. 반면, 의사결정의 경우는 도시에 비해 농촌 지역 아버지들의 참여율이 더 높다. 넷째, 전통적인 성역할 구분에 대한 가치관도 도시와 농촌 지역간에 차이가 있다. 결과적으로 중국 가족 내 여성의 지위는 지역별로 차이가 있는 것으로 보이며, 중국 가족에서 자녀 양육 책임이 동등하게 분담되지 않아서 여성의 이중부담이 큰 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2003

In this paper, we investigate the selection of transport route for import-export container cargo based on the sacrifice model and environmental cost of transport route. At first, the sacrifice model, environmental cost of transport, the volumes and the transport share of import-export container cargo are investigated briefly. And next, the transport time and cost, the environmental cost which is caused by cargo transport are investigated for the transport of import-export container cargo from Busan Port to Seoul. And also we calculate the sacrifice of each route by using the sacrifice model including the environmental cost. Finally we decide the transport route of import-export container cargo by using the sacrifice of each transport route. From the research results, we confirm that the road transport share decreases and the coastal transport share increases when the environmental coast of transport is considered.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.304-310
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• 2003

In this paper, we investigate the selection of transport route for import-export container cargo based on the sacrifice model and environmental cost of transport route. At first, sacrifice model. environmental cost of transport, the transportation and the transport share of import-export container cargo are investigated briefly. And next, the transport time and cost, the environmental cost which is caused by cargo transport are investigated for the transport of import-export container cargo from Pusan Port to Seoul. And also we calculate the sacrifice of each route by using the sacrifice model including the environmental cost. Finally we decide the transport route of import-export container cargo by using the sacrifice of each transport route. From the research results, we confirm that the road transport share decreases and the coastal transport share increases when the environmental coast of transport is considered.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.353-361
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• 1989

A parametric study of load distribution in bolt-nut joints is performed by the method of finite element contact analysis. The contacting surface is assumed unbonded and frictionless. Multi-body contact analysis is performed in elastic region under the assumption of axi-symmetric stress state. Load acting on the first thread from the fastened plate is much greater than that on the other threads in the standard setting. But the load distribution is shown to be improved by making the center of contact force acting on the nut surface move outwards. Such a modification is possible by enlarging the gap between bolt shank and fastened plate or by inserting suitable washers. Shape modification of the standard nut by the making a groove and a step on the nut surface is also suggested, which results in almost uniform load distribution and considerable decrease in the maximum stress of the joint.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.2A
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• pp.137-148
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• 2010

This study proposes the optimal ratio of vertical load-carrying capacity (${\beta}$) by investigating structural performances and economic efficiency in the extradosed bridges. Without design standards for the extradosed bridge, Japanese design standards have been used domestically. For the design live load, DL24 is found to be more adequate than DB24. Using the DL24 load, parameter studies are carried out. The parameters are 'main tower height', 'main girder stiffness', and 'cable arrangement'. As a result, it is found that one side cable-stayed extradosed bridges are more economical than double side cable-stayed extradosed bridges. This study also shows that when the ratio of vertical load-carrying capacity(${\beta}$) is 30~50% in the extradosed bridge with the ratio of tower height to main span length 1/6, the extradosed bridge is most economical because of the cable stress less than the allowable stress.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.68-76
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• 2000

Reliable external cost must be estimated to achieve the optimal market share between transportation modes. In this paper, we determined the market share between railroad and road on the cost minimization base. The results show that optimal market share is achieved by increasing investment on railroad.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.163-173
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• 2002

우리의 교통시설은 선진국에 비해 양적 질적으로 크게 부족하며 철도는 더욱 열악한 실정 o 경쟁시설인 도로와의 적정 역할 분담정도를 시사하는 도로와 비교한 철도의 수송분담율이 유럽의 1/2 수준 o 철도연장이 부족할 뿐만 아니라 운행속도가 낮고 다수의 미연결구간과 노선별ㆍ구간별 용량차이로 운행이 비효율적(중략)

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.853-861
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• 2015

In this study, FDM modelling with axisymmetry condition and interface element was verified whether it is reasonable to estimate compositive behavior of a piled raft foundation. To this end, the modelling validity of piled raft foundations was estimated by comparing and analyzing numerical analysis results and laboratory model test results. Also, load bearing ratio of a raft is analyzed by performing sensitivity analysis of foundation parameters with the actual field conditions. As a result of this study, correlation between bearing capacity and vertical displacement of numerical results turned out to be similar with that of a laboratory model test. In addition, ultimate bearing capacity of piled rafts and load bearing ratio of the raft is calculated to be similar in both cases. The load bearing ratio of the raft was also estimated to be in the range of 33% to 52% from the sensitivity analysis. The results were confirmed to be similar to the previous studies. Therefore, it can be inferred that piled rafts can be effectively modelled applying axisymmetry condition and interface element.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.57-66
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• 2006

In this study, the centrifuge model tests were carried out to evaluate the stress concentration ratio, the deformation modes of piles and the ground movement in clay deposit improved by SCP and GCP piles with changing the replacement ratio(20%, 40%, 60%) under flexible loading. Based on the results obtained, it was shown that the stresses acting on GCP was larger than those acting on SCP with the same replacement ratio. It was evaluated that the average stress concentration ratio of soft clay ground improved by GCP was slightly larger than that of SCP when the replacement ratio is 40%. Only expansion failure occurred in GCP, whereas SCP showed the expansion and shear failure simultaneously.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.763-779
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• 2015

This study estimate the adequate replacement rate of retirement income by income brackets and suggests roles of pension and non-pension income sources to achieve it for each income bracket. Priori research focused on elderly poverty; however, there has been little discussion about an adequate income level for retirement. We calculate an adequate income replacement rate separately for the poor, middle, and high income group as well as the average level of replacement rate for all groups. We also investigate the gap between the adequate income replacement rates and realized rates, and propose roles for each income source to curtail the gap. It is essential to recognize that the adequate income for retirement is unable to be met only by an annuity. To emove the gap, it is vital to utilize non-pension income although annuity is a primary source for retirement. Especially, the public and private pension plays a role to overcome poverty and live affluent in retirement, respectively.