• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.152-159
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to obtain basic data for using Aronia as a functional food material. The composition of anthocyanin was characterized and quantitated by LC-MS/MS, HPLC, and UV-VIS spectrophotometer techniques, respectively. The anthocyanin content was analyzed by temperature, time, pH, and the addition of citric acid. The UV-VIS spectrophotometer used for analysis of anthocyanin is less accurate than the LC-MS/MS method used in recent years. In the past, cyanidin-3-Glucoside was reported to be a major anthocyanin that contains Aronia. However, LC-MS/MS analysis in this study confirmed cyanidin-3-galactoside to be the major compound. The anthocyanin content of the Aronia powder began to decrease sharply at a temperature of $65^{\circ}C$ or higher when heated for 24 hours. In an aqueous solution of Aronia, the anthocyanin content was reduced by 50% at $65^{\circ}C$ for 10 hours and decreased by 85% at $85^{\circ}C$ within 10 hours. Above pH 8, the anthocyanin content was reduced by more than 50%. The results of this study will provide useful information to maintain anthocyanin content in the manufacturing process of Aronia. It could also be used to ensure the stability of anthocyanins in similar species of berries.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.115-123
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• 2000

A few enzymeimmunoassay (EfA) for testosterone (T) have been reported but was not suitable for all biological samples. The present study was designed to develop a rapid, ultrasensitive EIA and to apply this technique for study the physiological changes of T in biological samples. Saliva samples were collected at 06:00～09:00 hour during one menstrual cycle from 18 normally menstruating women and on 09:00～10:00 hour from 20 normal men. The present study shows an established EIA for testosterone, using horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which was covalently bonded to testosterone-3-carboxymethyloxime (T-3-CMO). One batch of T-antisera was also covalently linked to microcrystalline cellulose particles by a mixed anhydride method in order to facilitate separation of bound and free steroids. The established EIA was validated in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, precisions etc., comparing with conventional radioimmunoassay. The sensitivity of the established EIA was less than 25 pg/tube. The correlation coefficients between the expected T-values and observed T-values measured by EIA or RIA were r=0.985 and r=0.941 respectively. The cross reactivity of antiserum in EIA was a little higher than that of RIA, especially by 5 ${\alpha}$-DHT. The intra- and inter-assay precisions of the present EIA were similar to those of RIA. The present study also demonstrates that the normal T-values in saliva of Korean male ＆ female samples are 265.65${\pm}$15.80 pmol／l and 109.74${\pm}$ 12.01 pmol／l, respectively. The present EIA seems to be established and suitable for use in the endocrinological studies. The advantages of this EIA system also might make the present T-EIA an ideal procedure for use in a routine assay of ordinary laboratory with a conventional spectrophotometer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.739-744
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidative activity and to identify the active components of hot-water extract of Paeoniajaponica (PJ), which was a main ingredient of a herb mixture preparation recently established as a potent candidate of radioprotector in our laboratory. The water extract was fractionated with CHCl$_3$, EtOAc and n-BuOH. The extract and its fractions showed very low activity in hydroxyl radical scavenging test. In lipid peroxidation test, the extract, EtOAc and water fractions showed moderate inhibition with the ratio above 50%. In DPPH radical scavenging test, the extract, EtOAc and water fraction showed high activity with the ratio above 80%, especially. EtOAc fraction scavenged the radicals as much as synthetic antioxidant (BHA), even at low concentration. It is suggested that mai or partition for antioxidative activity of Paeonia japonica was EtOAc fraction. Subsequently, two active compounds (PJE021-1 and JE024-1) from EtOAc fraction were isolated by using MCI gel and silica gel column chromatography The two compounds inhibited remarkedly the $H_2O$$_2$-induced DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, measured by single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). PJE021-1 protected the cells to almost negative control level, dose-dependently. PJE024-1 exhibited a potent inhibition with the ratio of 71% at even low concentration (0.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$). Finally, their chemical structures were identified as gallic acid (PJE021-1) and (＋)-catechin (PJE024-1), respectively, on the basis of the speculation of spectral and physical data.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.157-165
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• 2006

The change of external/internal factors of the cell rquires specific biological functions to maintain life. Such functions encourage particular genes to jnteract/regulate each other in multiple ways. Accordingly, we applied a linear decomposition model IFSA, which derives hidden variables, called the 'expression mode' that corresponds to the functions. To interpret gene interaction/regulation, we used a cross-correlation method given an expression mode. Linear decomposition models such as principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) were shown to be useful in analyzing high dimensional DNA microarray data, compared to clustering methods. These methods assume that gene expression is controlled by a linear combination of uncorrelated/indepdendent latent variables. However these methods have some difficulty in grouping similar patterns which are slightly time-delayed or asymmetric since only exactly matched Patterns are considered. In order to overcome this, we employ the (IFSA) method of [1] to locate phase- and shut-invariant features. Membership scoring functions play an important role to classify genes since linear decomposition models basically aim at data reduction not but at grouping data. We address a new function essential to the IFSA method. In this paper we stress that IFSA is useful in grouping functionally-related genes in the presence of time-shift and expression phase variance. Ultimately, we propose a new approach to investigate the multiple interaction information of genes.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.481-491
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• 2014

Blue-ice area is a glacial ice field in ice sheet, ice shelf and glaciers where snow ablation and sublimation is larger than snowfall. As the blue-ice area has large influences on the meteorite concentration mechanism and ice mass balance, it is required to quantify the concentration of blue-ice. We analyzed spectral reflectance characteristics of blue-ice, snow and cloud by using MODIS images obtained over blue-ice areas in McMurdo Dry Valleys, East Antarctica, from 2007 to 2012. We then developed Normalized Difference Blue-ice Index (NDBI) algorithm which quantifies the concentration of blue-ice. Snow and cloud have a high reflectance in visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands. Reflectance of blue-ice is high in blue band, while that lowers in the NIR band. NDBI is calculated by dividing the difference of reflectance in the blue and NIR bands by the sum of reflectances in the two bands so that NDBI = (Blue-NIR)/(Blue + NIR). NDBI calculated from the MODIS images showed that the blue-ice areas have values ranging from 0.2 to 0.5, depending on the exposure and concentration of blue-ice. It is obviously different from that of snow and cloud that has values less than 0.2 or rocks with negative values. The change of NDBI values in the blue-ice area has higher correlation with snow depth ($R^2=0.699$) than wind speed ($R^2=0.012$) or air temperature ($R^2=0.278$), all measured at a meteorological station installed in McMurdo Dry Valleys. As the snow depth increased, the NDBI value decreased, which suggests that snow depth can be estimated from NDBI values over blue-ice areas. The NDBI algorithm developed in this study will be useful for various polar research fields such as meteorite exploration, analysis of ice mass balance as well as the snow depth estimation.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.169-181
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• 2014

Korea government has consistently investigated the development of economic mineral deposits in the Tofua volcanic arc, Tonga since 2008 for the secure of sea floor mineral resources. We studied the composition and distribution of minerals formed by hydrothermal activity around TA 25 seamounts of the Tofua volcanic arc, Lau Basin, Tonga, using X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. We used 7 core samples and 9 surface sediment samples. Barite, sphalerite, and clinoclase are present in the most volcanic vent area. Gypsum, smectite, and kaolin mineral are distributed in vent A area, chalcopyrite, pyrite, smectite, and kaolin mineral are in vent B and C area, and gypsum, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and goethite are in vent D area. From the study of clay fraction, smectite and few kaolinite are detected in the most studied area except inner part of caldera, which suggest that argillic alteration are dominant in the volcanic vent areas. Various sulfide or arsenide minerals were found in the hydrothermal vent B, C, and D. The mineralogy and geochemistry suggest higher hydrothermal activities in volcanic vent B, C, and D compared to vent A and inner caldera area. Therefore higher probabilities of massive sulfide deposits may occur in hydrothermal vent B, C, and D.

• Clean Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.123-128
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• 2005

Among various metal oxides semiconductors, $TiO_2$ is the most studied semiconductor for environmental clean-up applications due to its unique ability in photocatalyzing various organic contaminants, its chemical inertness, and nontoxicity. $TiO_2$, however, has a few drawbacks to be solved such as reactivity mainly working under ultraviolet irradiation (${\lambda}$ < 387 nm) and electron - hole recombination on $TiO_2$. In this study, to extend the absorption range of $TiO_2$ into the visible range and enhance electron - hole separation, we synthesized platinum (Pt) deposited $C-TiO_2$. The presence of Pt as an electron sink has been known to snhance the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and induce the thermal decomposition. The characterization of as-synthesized $Pt-C-TiO_2$ was performed by Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM), the Brunuer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), UV-vis spectrometer (UV-DRS), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). In order to estimate the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized materials, the photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). In order to estimate the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized materials, the photodegradation experiment of an azo dye (Acid Red 44; $C_{10}H_7N=NC_{10}H_3(SO_3Na)_2OH$)was carried out by using an Xe arc lamp (300 W, Oriel). A 420 nm cut-off filter was used for visible light irradiation. From the results, Pt-deposited $C-TiO_2$ showed a far superior phothdegradation activity to Degussa P25, the commercial product under the irradiation of visible light and enhanced photocatalytic activity of visible-working $C-TiO_2$. This is a useful result into the application for the purification system of dye wastewater using visible energy of sun light.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.498-514
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• 2018

A statistical analysis for 3651 genetic resources collected from China (1,542), Japan (1,409), Korea (413), and India (287) was conducted using normal distribution, variability index value (VIV), analysis of variation (ANOVA) and Ducan's multiple range test (DMRT) based on a data obtained from NIRS analysis. In normal distribution, the average protein content was 8.0%, whereas waxy type amylose and common rice amylose were found to be 8.7% and 22.7%, respectively. The protein contents ranged from 5.4 to 10.6% at the level of 95%. The waxy amylose and common rice amylose ranged from 5.9 to 11.5%, and from 16.9 to 28.5% at 95% confidence level, respectively. The VIV was 0.59 for protein, 0.64 for low amylose, and 0.81 for high amylose contents. The average amylose contents were 18.85% in Japanese, 19.99% in Korean, 20.27% in Chinese, and 25.46% in Indian resources, while the average protein contents were found to be 7.23% in Korean, 7.73% in Japanese, 8.01% in Chinese, and 8.17% in Indian resources. The ANOVA of amylose and protein content showed significant differences at the level of 0.01. The F-test for amylose content was 158.34, and for protein content 53.95 compared to critical value 3.78. The DMRT of amylose and protein content showed significant difference (p<0.01) between resources of different countries. Japanese resources had the lowest level of amylose contents, whereas, the lowest level of protein content was found in Korean resources compared to other origins. Indian resources showed the highest level of amylose and protein contents. It is recommended these results should be helpful to future breeding experiments.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.179-189
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• 2001

The determination of trace concentration of U, Th and Pb was carried out for chemical dating of zircon and monazite by electron microprobe. Detection limit and error range should be considered to measure characteristic X-rays of M-line from those minerals, which are low in the ionization of atom and low peak intensity in the spectrum. The element of U, Th and Pb were simultaneously measured with 3 spectrometers equipped with PET crystal to reduce a total counting time and error due to drift of instrumental operating condition. Detection limit could be improved from increase of the peak/background ratio through adjusting pulse height analyzer about 1000 mv baseline. Under permissible maximum analytical conditions, theoretical detection limit of U, Th and Pb is down to 30 ppm (99% confidence level). The analytical result was maintained at a relative error $\pm$10% ($2{\sigma}$) in 800 ppm Pb, $\pm$5% ($2{\sigma}$) in 2330 ppm U and $\pm$10% ($2{\sigma}$) in dating from a single measurement of zircon at 15 keV and 100 nA. However, for the precise dating of zircon and monazite, if it is considered a 3 $\mu\textrm{m}$ spatial resolution, <100 ppm ($3{\sigma}$) detection limit and <$\pm$10% ($2{\sigma}$) relative error, optimum analytical conditions are given as 15~20 keV accelerating voltage, 100~200 nA beam current and 300~1200 sec total counting time. To reduce material damage by high current, there is need to be up to 3~5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ of electron beam diameter, or to use arithmetic average of multiple measuring at a shorter counting time. A younger or relatively low concentration rocks can be dated chemically by lower detection limit and improved precision resulted from increase of current and measuring time.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.spc1
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• pp.29-32
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• 2005

This experiment aimed to estimate the effect of imperfect rice on rice palatability. Rice cultivar, Ilpumbyeo, was cultivated by direct-seeding on flooded paddy surface with 11 kg/10a nitrogen application. Palatability of harvested rice was measured by NIR spectroscope. Brown rice was divided according to their appearance namely, perfect, discolored, green-kerneled, and immature opaque with a composition ratio of $75.7\%,\;11.0\%,\;8.0\%,\;and\;5.3\%$ respectively. When the perfect brown rice was milled, the grain were composed of head, cracked, and white core & belly, at $64.7\%,\;25.3\%\;and\;10.0\%$ respectively. The milled rice of discolored brown rice had similar composition with the perfect rice. The milled green-kerneled vice, on the other hand, had $36\%$ head rice and $64\%$ white core & belly rice. The immature opaque brown rice, when milled, had $25.3\%$ white core & belly and $74.7\%$ damage & opaque rice. With the respect to grain quality, the viscosity of white core at belly rice and damaged & opaque rice was lower than that of head rice. In contrast, their protein content was a little higher than that of head rice. The palatability value of pure imperfect rice was much lower than head rice. The palatability value of damaged & opaque rice was the lowest among the imperfect rices. When mixed with head rice, the damaged & opaque rice impacted on the deterioration of vice palatability. Mixing $1\%$ each of white core at belly rice and damaged h opaque rice decreased the palatability value by $5\%$ as compared with the head rice.