• Land and Housing Review
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.79-88
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• 2015

North Korean leader Kim, Jung-Il visited Beijing, China, May 2010, when he made a common recognition with Chinese President Hu Jintao on construction of the Rasun SEZ and the Hwanggumpyong-Wyhwado SEZ for development of Economic cooperation between N.Korea and China and accelerating establishment of SEZs in N.Korea. However, after N.Korea's third nuclear test on Feb. 2013, the relationship between N.Korea and China became a little worse. Recently, three nations' border region near Rasun in N.Korea is reconsidered that it is very important place for collaboration between and among 2, 3 or 4 countries, S.Korea, N.Korea, China and Russia. This thesis examined these changes of cooperation and plans among the countries near the border region and proposed some measures for participation of S.Korea on the projects in the Rasun region.

• Economic Analysis
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.72-113
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• 2020

This study investigates the relationship between mineral exports to China, North Korea's most important source of foreign currency acquisition, and its imports of various items from China from the first quarter of 1995 through to the third quarter of 2019. The results from a cointegration analysis suggest that there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship between mineral exports and imports of food, fuel, and some intermediate goods, such as industrial supplies, parts, and accessories. The results from a vector autoregression using first-differenced variables indicate that the short-run relationship between mineral exports and imports is different between the period before and after the third quarter of 2010. Prior to structural changes, i.e., before the third quarter of 2010, import shocks affected mineral exports. However, after the third quarter of 2010, an increase in mineral exports led to an increase in the import of vehicles, intermediate goods, and luxury goods. This paper shows both the possibilities and the limits that mineral exports can contribute to North Korea's economic growth. The results, which show that mineral exports have a long-run relationship with intermediate goods, such as industrial supplies, parts and accessories, imply that mineral exports to China could have a positive effect on the North Korean economy. However, the fact that mineral exports do not have any significant effect on the import of machinery and equipment, which helps the accumulation of capital formation, shows that mineral exports have a limited effect on inducing long-term growth in the North Korean economy.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.5B
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• pp.459-466
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• 2011

In this study, the resources investigations of small hydropower generation were carried out for the five proposed sites in northern Gyeong-buk area. They consisted of the discharge measurements, rating-curve, flow duration curves, electricity generation, and economic analysis, respectively. The basic data were suggested to select the optimal small hydropower sites in northern Gyeong-buk area. The sites for Yecheon Gun and Munsu Myeon as a result are the best proposed ones using economic analysis. We considered, however, that the finacial benefit for small hydropower development may be small under 500 kW facility. The optimal proposed site over 500 kW facility was suggested as Yeongyang Gun in this study.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.373-394
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• 2020

The strengthening of multilateral international sanctions against North Korea has raised questions as to how effective they are in exerting pressure on the country's economy. In this paper, we address this question by examining their impact on the country's integration into regional and global apparel production networks. North Korea has in the past decade become an increasingly competitive exporter of apparel on the basis of consignment-based processing arrangements. Official trade data shows a sharp drop in North Korean exports of clothing since the sectoral ban in 2017. There is evidence to suggest, however, that exports have continued on a more informal and clandestine basis. North Korea's integration into apparel production networks has also taken the form of the dispatch of workers to factories in China's northeastern border regions. Yet there is evidence that the recent sanctions imposed on such practices has similarly led to illicit practices such as working on visitors' visas, often with the help of Chinese enterprises and local government. The resilience of North Korea's integration into apparel production networks follows a capitalist logic and is result of the highly profitable nature of apparel production for all actors concerned and a correspondingly strong desire to evade sanctions. As such, the analysis contributes to the literature on sanctions that suggests that the measures may contribute to emergence of growing informal and illicit practices and to the role of the clandestine economy.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.361-383
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• 2009

This study extends theoretically the expected utility model of trade-conflict developed by Polacheck if a third country is involved, and analyses empirically how trade between North Korea and China affects to the political conflict between South and North Korea. The results of empirical analysis show that North Korea's exports to South Korea and China do not affect the conflict or cooperative relations between South and North Korea. But North Korea's imports from South Korea and China affect to the conflict between South and North Korea: increasing of North Korea's imports to South Korea reduce conflict between South and North Korea, but increasing of North Korea's imports to China increase conflict between South and North Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.5-5
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• 2020

가뭄은 일반적으로 기상학적, 수문학적, 농업적 및 사회·경제적 가뭄으로 분류된다. 그 중 강수량 부족으로 인해 야기되는 기상학적 가뭄은 지역 사회에 직접적인 피해를 유발하는 도화선이 된다. 그러나 강우량 부족이 경제적, 사회적 피해로 전파되는 과정은 단순하지 않으며, 정량화가 어려운 실정이다. 가뭄 위험도는 수문기상학적 요인뿐만 아니라 자연재해에 대한 지역의 취약성의 맥락에서 파악되어야하므로, 가뭄 위험도 평가 방안은 위험도와 지역사회 사이의 관계를 규명하는 과정을 포함해야 한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 가뭄 취약성(vulnerability)과 노출성(hazard)을 정량화하여 나타내는 지표를 적용한 가뭄 위험도 분석 방법이 주로 사용된다. 일반적으로 수용되는 취약성 개념은 개인 또는 그룹이 자연재해의 영향에 대처하고 이에 저항할 수 있는 능력을 의미하며, 노출성은 자연적 또는 인간이 유발할 수 있는 물리적 사건의 가능성을 나타낸다. 따라서 취약성은 지역의 문화적, 사회적 및 경제적 인자를 이용하여 정의된다. 반면 노출성은 주어진 시간 또는 영역 내에서의 특정 현상의 발생 확률에 따라 결정된다. 본 연구에서는 가뭄 취약성 지수 (Drought Vulnerability Index, DVI)와 가뭄 노출성 지수(Drought Hazard Index, DHI)를 이용하여 지역 가뭄 위험도를 평가하였다. 취약성 및 노출성 지수를 활용한 선행연구에서의 주요 쟁점은 연구자의 주관성을 배제하고 지역의 상황을 반영할 수 있도록 (1) 객관적이고 합리적인 변수의 선택과 (2) 각 인자들의 관계를 규정하는 가중치 정의 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 확률론적 접근방법을 적용한 위험도 평가 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. DVI를 산정 시 지역에서 지배적인 사회경제적 인자를 선택하기 위해 주성분분석(PCA) 기법을 활용하였으며, DHI는 이변량 가뭄 빈도 분석에 의해 산정된 특정 가뭄사상의 발생 확률로 정의되었다. 본 연구에서는 국내에서 가뭄 위험도가 가장 높은 것으로 평가되는 충청북도 및 충청남도를 대상지역으로 선정하고 지역 위험도를 평가하였다. 그 결과 가장 가뭄 위험도가 높은 지역은 충청북도에서는 청주시, 충청남도에서는 공주시로 분석되었다. 특히 청주시는 DVI가 매우 높지만 DHI는 상대적으로 작게 나타났으며, 반면 공주시는 DHI와 DVI가 지역 내에서 가장 높게 산정되었다.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.85-104
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• 2018

Globally, more than 90 percent of all international commerce takes place via sea freight. In terms of container cargo volume, Busan Port is the world's sixth largest port, given its geographical conditions. Regarding geographic advantages, a cargo-working operation that met customers' demand using a 24-hour operating delivery system also contributed to the growth of Busan Port as a global hub. However, research and studies on the working conditions for stevedores are lacking, even though the port industry relies heavily on human resources. Therefore, this study identifies the awareness of the working environment by cargo-working employees at Busan Port and their satisfaction level related to their working environment, such as working two shifts in a 24-hour period.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.287-306
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• 2017

Since the 1990s, political geographers have focused on the study of the process of border construction. They have shifted from the old morphological and functional approaches to boundary that have focused on the types and functions of boundaries. Recent scholarship on border studies understand boundaries and the border regions as entities with overlapping and competing relationships not as manifestation of territoriality. There has been the emphasis on the multidimensional actors and the historical and cultural legacies inherent in the border region as well. Based on these recent discussions, this study examines how the border region has been constructed by various actors and strategies in Dandong China, the border city between North Korea and China. Several sanctions including UN Security Council have been resolved and implemented in accordance with North Korea's nuclear and missile development, which is a relevant example to examine the "border as relationships" in which strategies of various actors are competing. In addition, this paper has a significance as a case study on the construction process of border and the characteristics of its materiality, which is a way to overcome the limitation of discourse-oriented critical geopolitical research.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the sociopsychological stress of dental hygiene students, any possible gaps among them according to their general characteristics and the most influential factor for their stress. The subjects in this study were the dental hygiene students who were selected by convenience sampling from three different colleges. After a survey was conducted for about a month between March and April, 2011, the answer sheets from 561 students were analyzed. As for the sociopsychological stress of the dental hygiene students, economic stress was the heaviest sociopsychological stress that the students suffered(3.17). Regarding differences in each stressor according to general characteristics, they were more stressed out about their economy, families, interpersonal relationships and studies when they had a less conversation with their families. And they had more stress about their economy, families, interpersonal relationships and studies when they found themselves to be more unhealthy. The gaps between them and the others were statistically significant. As a result of analyzing the influential factors for their stress, they had more stress when they had a less conversation with their families(p<0.001) and when they found themselves not to be in good health(p<0.001). It's required to seek ways for dental hygiene students to cope with their stress properly, and the development of stress management programs is necessary. Besides, education and training should be provided for them to regulate their own stress successfully.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.355-375
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• 2003

Since the mid 1980s, the emergence of the Newly Industrialized Countries has been the most remarkable mutation in the foreign direct investment. This emergence is creating the new international spacial flows constituted by the developed country, the newly industrialized country and the developing country. According to the active foreign direct investment of the Asia Newly Industrialized Countries (ANICs) into East Asia from the middle of the 1980s, the intra-East Asia direct investment flow has a observable structure hierarchic composed of Japan, ANICs, ASEAN and China. In the inflow of intra-East Asia direct investment, Japan and ANICs flows from the extra-developed country and Japan, AESAN from ANICs, Japan, and China from the ANICs. In the outflow, Japan flows relatively into the ANICs and ASEAN, ANICs into ASEAN and China, ASEAN and China into the ANICs. In conclusion, the emergence of ANICs and theirs role intermediate in the East Asian economy causes the intra-East Asia direct investment flows to make a hierarchical structure.