• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.300-307
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• 2014

For the application of chemical assessment standards by the extent of diagenetic alteration, we investigated three archaeological animal bones and a modern animal bone using Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The calculating results of crystallinity index (CI), carbonate-to-phosphate (C/P) and carbonate-to-carbonate (C/C) using FTIR-ATR spectra showed differences CI and C/P according to the preservative condition of animal bones. By comparison of the crystallinity contents using XRD patterns, the states of animal bones were distinguished to the range of $30^{\circ}-35^{\circ}$. As results of FTIR-ATR and XRD analysis, it is suggested that Mongolian large mammals bone presents the best preservative condition, and cattle bone from Naju site, and Haman site followed. In addition, those were correlated with the results of histological index. The results suggested that the chemical assessment standards may contribute to application of predictions of the states of animal bones discovered from Korea.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.200-207
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• 1975

This experiment was carried out to investigate the chemical composition and microflora of soy sauce during storage under the different temperature. The results obtained are as follows. (1) Total nitrogen, color density, specific gravity and sodium chloride concentration of soy sauce showed a increasing tendency in the progress of storage period. Open-storage state at $30^{\circ}C\;and\;15^{\circ}C$ were responsible to the increase of components as compare with close-storage state at $5^{\circ}C$. (2) pH and buffer action were not almost changed during the storage. (3) Alcohol and sugar contents of soy sauce showed a decreasing tendency in the process of storage period, especially in the case of open state alcohol being almost disappeared within 11 months in all groups. (4) The number of common bacteria in one ml of soy sauce were counted as $96{\times}10^4$ before pasteurization and $10^3$ after pasteurization. The osmophilic bacteria was counted as $38{\times}10^4$, $10^2$ after pasteurization. (5) The spore number of mold in one ml of soy sauce were counted $32{\times}10^7$ before pasteurization, 58 after pasteurization and 10 to $10^2$ in the progress of storage period. (6) The bacteria number of soy sauce were somewhat decreased with the passing, of the time. The group of high temperature and open state were more notable than low temperature and close state.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.62-77
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• 2011

Yi Sunsin's artifacts had been exhibited at Hyeonchungsa in Asan-si, Chungchungnam-do. These artifacts include Janggeom(Long swords), Okno(Jade ornament of Korea traditional hat), Yodae(Waist belt) and Dobae(Peach shaped wine cups) Gudae(Yodae's saucers). These were covered with dust and corroded due to long term display. Condition of these artifacts was examined for a re-opening of Yi Chungmugong Memorial Pavilion on 28 March 2011. Before conservation treatment of the artifacts, scientific analysis was conducted to identify the material of the artifacts. The result showed that the red paint on the hilt of the sword is composed of two layers. Pigments of two layers were found to be hematite and cinnabar mixed with red lead respectively. Mixed layer was assumed to have been applied recently. Also it was found that the blade of the sword was repainted using chrome yellow($PbCrO_4$). Considering the time limit, conservation treatment focused on stabilization of damaged area and prevention of futher risk during display.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.333-343
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the conservation environment by monitoring temperature and humidity for two years and mapping the remaining pigments of mural paintings to diagnose the conservation state of mural paintings of Royal Tombs in Neungsan-ri. We evaluated the characteristics of condensation in the tomb. Compared with the results of a 2008 survey, we conducted state change of mural paintings in the tomb. The temperature in the main room, which has an annual average soil temperature distribution at 5 m depth in Korea, is maintained at $13{\sim}18^{\circ}C$. The temperature range of the main room was between less than $0.1^{\circ}C$ to $0.5^{\circ}C$, and the diurnal variation of temperature between summer (June to September) and winter (December to January) is the greatest. Condensation is more concentrated in the summer because the outdoor air was typically at higher temperatures than the main room inflows in the tomb. Mapping the remaining pigment composition and particle distribution of mural paintings showed that it was in the range of 36.72~39.53% of the wall area. The pigment range was confirmed to be the same as it was in 2008, through ultraviolet fluorescence reaction and infrared ray investigation. Therefore, the underground environment that receives dew condensation in the summer has been stable since 2008. However, continuous monitoring is needed because the deterioration of mural painting proceeds considerably after excavation and only a small percentage of the pigments survive.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 1999

More than 200 objects selected for the newly-opened Kimhae National Museum were treated for conservation. The objects which represent ancient Kaya culture, were mainly composed of metallic such as gilt bronze, silver, copper alloy and iron. The corrosion products on gilt bronze and copper alloy objects were preserved or removed according to their stability. Minimum treatment was done for preserving the original state of the objects. For silver objects and iron objects with silver-plate decorations, silver surfaces were revealed after treatment of corrosion products and treatments to prevent corrosion of silver and iron were done emphatically. For iron objects, which were stabilized, the original shape of objects was restored and acrylic coating was applied to prevent further corrosion. For the objects which were being corroded, 2-step de-chloride treatments were undertaken. The first step was immersing the objects in a solution of 0.3M sodium hydroxide and the second was the pressure de-chloride treatment using borax-distilled water. The main purpose of those treatments was to get rid of the causes of corrosion. Besides, conservation treatments for potteries, making of special mounting board for exhibition and amendment of various modeling were done too.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.105-129
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• 2018

Efforts to establish a joint preservation facility for library materials are being discussed in the regional representative libraries recently, but this is mainly a movement in public libraries. This study aimed to provide a model for a joint preservation facility construction and management especially for the National Universities Library in Busan/Gyeongnam area. For this job, after analyzing the current situation, this study focuses on 1) estimated size of the planned facility calculated by investigating the size and equipment, operation policy, collection quantity and saturation status of participating library archives, 2) strategies for construction, proposed a joint preservation architecture construction management model such as organization and human resources, and standards for transferring materials.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.4
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• pp.33-39
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• 2003

We examined the causes of the damage of a Joseon Buddhist painting, "Ten Kings of the Hell", for which we had performed conservation treatment while preparing for the special exhibition entitled "A Journey into the Joseon Buddhist Paintings", presented by the National Museum of Korea. For the parts that could not be easily observed by naked eyes, we examined it with microscopes, X-rays and infrared rays. Hereby we introduced the result of the scientific examination performed prior to the conservation treatment, and arranged its process for the "Ten Kings of the Hell".

• 보존과학연구
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• s.35
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• pp.87-98
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• 2014

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR-ATR) was applied to chemical analysis for conservation status of 10 human bone remains from Joseon Dynasty. The result of crystallinity index (CI) is $4.25{\pm}0.78$, carbonate to carbonate ratio (C/C) is $0.91{\pm}0.04$ and cabonate content (C/P) is $0.19{\pm}0.06$. The higher histological index (HI) confirmed CI and C/P value was increased and C/C value was reduced. While C/C or C/P values analysis is possible. While DNA analysis can be extracted from the bone, C/C values are lower or C/P values are higher was found to the analysis is possible. Chemical assessment of FTIR and histological index consequence is expected to be applicable as a basis for comprehensive understanding of the conservation status excavated bones.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2010

Geology and stromatolite fossil localities of Socheong Island are reviewed on the basis of previous studies and recent field survey. A new fossil locality of stromatolites which are very well preserved is recognized in Bunam area, northeast of Socheong Island. An outcrop composed of sandstone and shale alternations which exhibit well-developed laminations and folds is also found in the east of the Socheong harbor, and it is regarded as one of the symbolic features of the geology in Socheong Island. Stromatolite fossil localities of Socheong Island contains diverse and well-preserved Late Proterozoic stromatolites which are correlated with those from the Mukchon and Myoraksan series of the Sangwon System and diverse sedimentary structures such as ripple marks, desiccation cracks, and raindrop imprints. Stromatolites of Socheong Island, the oldest fossil Natural Monument of Korea, should be preserved at the national level, and continued intensive research must be conducted.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.689-700
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• 2019

This study aimed to analyze the nature and characteristics of the preserved state, materials, and colored pigments of a Buddhist painting of Eunhaesa temple(gwaebultaeng), which is Treasure No. 1270 of Korea, through scientific investigation and analysis. Based on the historical background of the subject, the study investigated the aspects of conservation and analyzed the material characteristics of each pigment in the painting. Results indicate that various colors were created using inorganic pigments such as white lead, minium, cinnabar, orpiment, gold, atacamite, malachite, and smalt and using organic pigments such as black and indigo. The Eunhaesa painting used "cho" as a material for wallpaper, which was unusual during the Joseon period. In addition, a white layer was formed using various white pigments, which was also rare during this period.