• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.203-211
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• 2001

This study was carried out to determine sex of porcine embryos produced by in vitro fertilization. Porcine oocyte-cumulus complexes were cultured in BSA-free North Carolina State University (NCSU) 23 medium containing porcine follicular fluid (10%), cystein (0.1 mg/ml) and hormonal supplement (10 IU eCG and 10 IU hCG per ml) for 20~22 hrs. They were then cultured in the same medium but without hormonal supplement for additional 20~22 hrs. After culture, cumulus cells were removed and oocytes were co-incubated for 6 hrs with four different concentrations (5$\times$10$^4$, 2.5$\times$ 10$^{5}$ , 5.0$\times$10$^{5}$ and l0$\times$10$^{5}$ ) of porcine sperm. After fertilization, oocytes were transferred into NCSU 23 with 0.4% BSA medium. The cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were evaluated at 48 and 144 hrs, respectively. In this study, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the sex of porcine embryos in the stage of blastocyst. The PCR was performed using a set of oligonucleotide primers (5‘-TCATGGACCAGGTAGGGAAT-3', 5’-GAAAGACACGTCCTTGGA GA-3') for 491 bp fragment of porcine male-specific DNA sequence. In the flour different sperm concentration (5$\times$10$^4$, 2.5$\times$10$^{5}$ , 5.0$\times$10$^{5}$ and l0$\times$10$^{5}$ ) for fertilization condition, the cleavage rate was 55.95, 67.88, 60.18 and 47.60%, respectivety, and the development rate of blastocysts was 16.03, 20.40, 21.41 and 12.37%, respectively. At 5.0$\times$10$^4$and 2.5$\times$10$^{5}$ of sperm concentrations per ml cleavage rate and development rate of blastocyst were higher than those of 5.0$\times$10$^4$and l0$\times$10$^{5}$ of sperm concentration (P<0.01). The male of porcine embryos was detected at 491 bp by PCR, and 18 of the 31 porcine blastocysts were the male (58.1%) and the rest 13 were the female(41.9%).

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2001

Purpose : The urinary tract infection associated with vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) in children may result in serious complications such as renal scarring, hypertension, proteinuria and end stage renal disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting renal scar such as age, gender, grade of VUR, and ACE gene polymorphism, and body growth in the patients with and those without renal scar associated with VUR Methods : During the period from January 1994 to July 2000, We had 93 children with urinary tract infection associated with VUR who were admitted to the Department of pediatrics of Chonbuk National University Hospital. The patients were divided into two groups according to follow up 99mTc-DMSA renal scan; patients with renal scar group and those with non-scar group. We analyzed and compared the factors associated with renal scarring between the two groups. Results : There were no significant difference in gender, causative organism, ACE gene polymorphism, height and weight at diagnosis between renal scar group and non-scar group. Fifty four patients were in renal scar group and forty seven of them had VUR. The age at diagnosis was significantly higher in renal scar group (2.48${\pm}$2.64yr) than in non renal scar group (1.26${\pm}$1.83yr). Especially, the infants who were less than 1 year of age with VUR developed relatively more renal scar compared with infants older than 1 tear of age. The incidence of renal scarring showed a direct correlation with the severity of VUR. Conclusion : The factors affecting renal scar formation were age at diagnosis, presence and grade of VUR, but the other factors such as gender, causative organism, ACE gene polymorphism were not associated with renal scarring. Therefore, further evaluation about uropathogenic E coli and foflow up study about body growth associated with severity of renal scar would be necessary. (J. Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 5 : 43- 50, 2001)

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.99-111
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• 2011

The present experiment was performed to evaluate the chondrogenic differentiation potential of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ATMSCs) in the chondrogenic induction medium (CIM) with transforming growth factor-${\beta}1$ (TGF-${\beta}1$) and to evaluate the chondrogenic differentiation of ATMSCs seeded in gelatin-chondroitinglucosamine scaffold (GCG-scaffold). ATMSCs and mouse chondrocytes were cultured in the basic medium and CIM without TGF-${\beta}1$ (CIM1) or with TGF-${\beta}1$ (CIM2) for chondrogenic differentiation potential. The chondrogenic differentiation of ATMSCs was evaluated by glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and histochemical staining. In pellet culture, GAG synthesis of ATMSCs and chondrocyte was increased in culture on 14 days, but higher in CIM1 than basic medium, especially highest in CIM2. Cartilage matrix was observed in ATMSCs cultured in CIM2 on 14 days by Safranin O and trichrome staining. In well plate culture, proliferation of ATMSCs was continuously increased in culture on 10 days and higher in CIM than basic medium. The cell adhesion rate of ATMSCs seeded in flask or scaffolds was continuously increased during culture period, but higher in scaffold than flask. GAG synthesis of ATMSCs seeded in scaffolds showed no change in control group. In the CIM groups, GAG synthesis of ATMSCs was continuously increased than control group during culture period, especially very high in CIM2 and in the GCG-scaffold was slightly higher than the gelatin scaffold (G-scaffold). The present results demonstrated that ATMSCs showed an low chondrogenic differentiation potential, compared to mouse chondrocytes for 14 days of culture. TGF-${\beta}1$ is important factor in chondrogenic differentiation of ATMSCs. Gelatin scaffold was considered to increasing the effective chondrogenic differentiation environment. ATMSCs seeded in GCG-scaffold was more effective in chondrogenesis than in G-scaffold. Conclusively, the present results demonstrated that the treatment of chondroitin and glucosamine in the scaffold was more effective to promote the cartilage matrix formation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.343-352
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• 1998

The relationship between summer hypoxia in bottom water layer and benthic community structure was discussed at forty sampling stations in semi-enclosed Youngsan River estuarine bay, Korea. The oxygen deficient layer less than $2.0 mg/\ell$ was widely developed in the inner estuarine stations in summer due to the summer stratification. A total of 141 species was occurred, with a mean density of $1,923 ind./m^2$ and biomass of $79.44\;g/m^2$ in summer season. The species number was significantly increased with the increment of the bottom dissolved oxygen, whereas density and biomass were partially correlated within the low oxygen level of $2.0\;mg/\ell$. These results imply that benthic community structures are affected by bottom oxygen depletion in summer. Cluster analysis showed that the benthic community could be classified into three station groups. These station groups from the species composition coincided with the groups based on the environmental factors. This fact suggests that the overall spatial distribution of macrozoobenthos in Youngsan River estuarine bay in summer should be controlled by the summer hypoxia and clay content of the area. Group-I was located the innermost estunrine bay from Mokpo Harbour to near the dike, where summer hypoxia was developed and one bivalve Theora fragilis, two polychaetes, Tharyx sp. and Lumbrineris longifolia were dominated. Group-II, the central transitory area of the estuarine bay between two another stational groups, where two bivalves Theora fragilis, Raetellops pulchella and a polychaete Tharyx sp. predominated with relatively low density compared to that of Group-I. Group-III, the mouth part of the estunrine bay exposed to the open sea, where a polychaetes Poecilochaetus johnsoni and a bivalve Yoldia Johanni predominated.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.254-270
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• 2000

To clarify the geological structure of North Sobaegsan Massif in the Sangunmyeon area, Bonghwagun, Korea, where the Yecheon Shear Zone passes and the NE-SW and E-W trending structural lineaments are developed, the rock-structures of its main constituent rocks(Precambrian Won-nam Formation and Mesozoic Hornblende Granite) were examined. In this area, the geological structure was formed at least by four phases of deformation after the formation of gneissosity or schistosity of the Wonnam Formation: one deformation before D2 ductile shearing related to the for-mation of the Yecheon Shear Zone and two deformations after that. The NE-SW and E-W trending structural lineaments were formed by a giant open or gentle type of F4 fold, and their trends before D4 deformation are interpreted to be parallel to the orientation(ENE-WSW trend) of folded surface in the F4 hinge zone. The structural features of Dl-D3 deformations and their relative occurrence times are as follows. Dl deformation is formative period of the boudin structures and ENE-WSW trending isoclinal folds with sub-horizontal hinge lines and steeply inclined axial surfaces. D2 deformation is that of the mylonite foliation, stretching lineation and Z-shaped asymmetric folds related to top-to-the ENE dextral strike-slip shearing on the distinct foliations of Wonnam Formation(after intrusion of Mesozoic Hornblende Granite). D3 deformation is that of the ENE trending S-shaped asymmetric folds with sub-horizontal hinge lines and axial surfaces related to normal-slip shearing on the distinct foliations. It is expected that the result will be contributed to as valuable data for interpreting the tectonic evolution of the North Sobaegsan Massif and the Northeast Ogcheon Belt whose tectonic lineaments are changed from NE-SW to E-W trends at the Sindong-Bonghwa line.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.2
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• pp.17-37
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• 1998

중소기업간 협력 활동은 사업의 전체 혹은 일정 부분에 대하여 분업이나 협업의 관계를 맺는 공동사업의 형태로 나타난다. 기업간 연결의 강도에 따라 기업들간에 형성되는 분업과 협업의 관계를 시장형, 중간조직형, 위계조직형으로 구분할 때, 중소기업간 공동사업은 중간조직형에 속하는 일종의 기업간 네트워크라고 볼 수 있다. 물론 네트워크형의 협력관계를 추진하는 방식도 업무제휴, 지분제휴, 합작투자, 컨소시엄 등으로 다양하다. 그러나 완전한 자본적 통합에 따른 위계적 조직과는 달리 참여기업들이 독립성을 유지하면서, 네트워크 밖의 기업에 대해 경쟁우위를 확보하기 위해 형성한다는 공통점을 가지고 있다. 기업간 협력관계를 통해 참여 기업들이 얻을 수 있는 혜택에 관한 기존연구들은 크게 두 가지로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 하나는 기업의 생산함수를 중심으로 그 이점을 파악하는 것이고 다른 하나는 관계의 종류에 따라 기업간 거래관계를 관리하는 소위 거래비용의 효율성을 중심으로 혜택을 파악하는 접근방법이다. 전자의 접근방법을 따를 때, 기업간 협력의 근본 유인은 규모의 경제(혹은 비경제), 범위의 경제, 집적의 경제, 구도의 경제 등이 협력관계에서 발생하는 혜택의 근본 원천이다. 기술과 제도의 발전, 시장과 경쟁환경의 변화에 따른 기업간 협력의 필요성은 갈수록 증대되고 있다. 소비자들의 요구는 매우 개성화 다양화되고 종합화되는 추세이다. 더불어 기술개발의 비용이 큰 폭으로 증가하고 있으며, 경쟁의 격화로 기술 및 제품의 진부화도 급속도로 이루어지고 있다. 세계화 상품고도화 서비스산업화 정보화 등으로 특징지워지는 새로운 경쟁환경 아래에서 장기적으로 기업의 경쟁력을 향상시키기 위해서는 시장중심적인 관점에서 형성된 기업간 전략적 연계를 바탕으로, 정보의 집적을 통해 다양한 생산성 향상 혹은 관계효율성 향상의 경제를 추구하는 것이 필연적 전제 조건이 되었다. 기업간 경쟁보다는 최종제품의 생산과 판매를 위해 형성된 기업네트워크간의 경쟁이 중시되는 시대인 것이다. 동서간(東西間) 중소기업(中小企業)의 협력(協力)을 새삼스럽게 논의하는 것은 다분히 정치적이라는 느낌을 준다. 경제적인 관점에서 실익이 있음에도 불구하고 동서간 중소기업의 협력이 이루어지지 못하고 있다면, 그 이유는 기업정보의 수집과 유통상의 문제이거나 문화나 기업관행에 대한 잘못된 선입관에서 비롯된 관계 관리비용 계산상의 문제일 것이다. 현실적으로 이 가능성은 매우 낮다. 산업의 발전 정도나 연관성에 있어서 동서축보다는 남북축을 따라 기업간 협력이 이루어질 수 밖에 없는 우리나라의 현재 상황이 동서간보다는 남북간 경제교류를 유도하고 있는 것이다. 동서간 중서기업 협력체제의 구축에 대한 논의가 본질적으로 정치적 관심에서 비롯되었다는 전제 하에, 구축의 방안을 논의하고자 한다. 경제적으로도 타당하면서 정치적으로 관심을 유발할 수 있는 협력체제 구축방안으로, 기업간 네트워크의 조직 주체로서 최근에 논의되고 있는 새로운 형태의 마케팅회사를 동서간에 공동으로 설립할 것을 제안한다. 영구 지속적 공동사업관계보다는 프로젝트별 공동사업을 전제로 기업들 사이의 효과적인 네트워크를 형성함으로써 일종의 가상적 기업을 결성할 필요가 있다. 이러한 기업간 네트워크 형성의 실행주체가 될 수 있는 새로운 마케팅 전문기업의 형태로는 공동회사(空洞會社)(hollow company), 종합상사(綜合商社)(General Trading Company), 거래형 마케팅회사(Marketing Exchange Company), 변환형 마케팅회사(Marketing Coalition Company) 등을 들 수 있다. 양 지역에서는 소비자환경과 기술환경의 특성 및 양 지역의 경제에 대한 파급효과를 고려하여 가장 적합한 마케팅회사의 유형은 선택하여 육성하고, 이를 중심으로 강력한 양 지역 및 다른 지역에 입지한 기업간의 네트워크를 구축하여야 한다. 마케팅회사를 설립하고 완전한 마케팅 서비스를 제공할 수 있도록 육성하기 위해서는 많은 투자가 필요하다. 마케팅회사의 핵심기능 분야인 금융부문, 정보부문, 영업조직 등은 모두 막대한 투자를 필요로하는 기능영역이다. 정보부문은 기술의 발전과 범세계적인 정보관련기관과의 제휴를 통해 독자적인 구축이 어느 정도 가능하나, 영업조직의 구축을 위해서는 기존업체와의 연대가 필수적인 것으로 판단된다. 지속적으로 효과적인 기업간 네트워크를 형성하고 유지하기 위해서는 또한 기업간 관계를 관리하는 방식과 제도 및 수단에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 양 지역 산 학 관의 공동노력을 통해서 새로운 경제 환경에 가장 적합한 기업 형태로 제시된 바 있는 마케팅 전문회사 중심의 기업간 네트워크를 성공적으로 구축한다면, 양 지역 및 국가 경제의 지속적인 동력원이 될 수 있을 것이다

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

Recently, the reenaction of place's memories that were considered sense of place based on its historical and structural characteristic were assumed important topics for recovering and making the park from industrial sites, such as factory, industrial complex, industrial city, labor residential development, landfill, etc., to the public all over the world. This research aimed to conduct some preliminary data for making the park's sense of place highly. So, after conducting the structural forms of sense of place for Seoul Forest and Seonyudo Park that were designed and built by considering its place memories actively, park planning and design implications that were considered its sense of place were suggested. The research results those were derived from the structural forms of sense of place for Seoul Forest and Seonyudo Park's are the following. First, the Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) on Seoul Forest and Seonyudo Park were determined that the natural-physical, artificial-physical, and experiential environmental factors' satisfaction of Seoul Forest and Seonyudo Park have an effect on forming the Sense of Place. In addition, the sense of place was affected by the willingness to visit. Second, according to its physical environment, the experiential factors, such as plays, exercises and etc., were more important relatively. Therefore, experiential factors should be considered significantly with physical factors to make the sense of place highly. Third, even the places were under similar category, the factors' and valuables' relative importance were changed. As the results of structural equation modeling said, specific valuables' related with each factors would be differentiated due to the places' characteristics. For example, the results were showed that natural-physical factor was more important than artificial-physical factor in Seoul Forest. On the other hand, artificial-physical factor was more important than the natural- physical factor. This research carries some significance for applying a quantitative research method(structural equation modeling) to various place to conduct the sense of place's structural model, for suggesting relative specific methods to make the sense of place, and for being a step forward to substance of sense of place. If further studies conduct focusing on various places to draw the forming models of sense of place that were based this research's analysis methods and results, those researches would contribute to make the urban place meaningful, characteristically and affectionately. Furthermore, those researches would contribute in making a humane and competitiveness city.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to investigate the suitable parts for callus induction and optimal concentrations of growth regulators contained in the medium affecting shooting and rooting Echeveria laui and Echeveria elegans for in vitro mass production. To determine the suitable plant parts for callus induction, the leaves were divided into upper, medium and bottom parts and cultured on MS medium at different concentrations with $0{\sim}2mgL^{-1}\;NAA$ and $0{\sim}4 mgL^{-1}BA$. The upper and middle parts of leaves both showed 100% callus formation rate with $NAA\;1\;mgL^{-1}$ and $BA\;1\;mgL^{-1}$ treatment in E. laui. The middle parts of leaves showed 83.3% callus formation rate at $NAA\;2\;mgL^{-1}$ and BA 4 mgL-1 treatment in E. elegans. The shoot induction rate from callus was highest at $NAA\;0.1\;mgL^{-1}$ and $BA\;3\;mgL^{-1}$ treatment in E. laui and $NAA\;0.3\;mgL^{-1}$ in E. elegans. In addition, the number of shoots formation was 10.4 shoots high in $NAA\;1\;mgL^{-1}$ and $BA\;1\;mgL^{-1}$ treatment in E. laui and 12.0 shoots in most effective $NAA\;1\;mgL^{-1}$ and $BA\;0.1\;mgL^{-1}$ treatment in E. elegans. In the case of acclimatization of regenerated plant, growth characteristics did not show any significant difference (35 ~ 55%) shading with respect to the different ratio of substrate mixture, and it was determined that would be appropriate considered plant height and appearance preference of E. laui and E. elegans. It was established that the optimization of culture condition was responsible for the mass propagation in vitro cultures of E. laui and E. elegans.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.9-22
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• 2023

The Lifestyle-DEPER (Decision, Execution, Personal Factors, Environment, Resources) model explains lifestyle formation. Lifestyles are shaped through the decision, execution, and habituation stages. Factors influencing the establishment of a lifestyle are categorized as environmental, resource, and personal. The environment encompasses our surroundings and social, physical, cultural, and virtual environments. Resources refer to what individuals possess, such as health, time, economic, and social resources. Personal factors include competencies, needs, and values. At the lifestyle establishment stage, each of these factors influences a different stage. These collective processes are referred to as events, encompassing both personal and social events. Health-related lifestyle factors include physical activity, nutrition, social relationships, and occupational participation. These are the goals of lifestyle intervention. The intervention strategy based on the Lifestyle-DEPER model, called KEEP (Knowledge, Evaluation, Experience, Plan), is a comprehensive approach to promoting a healthy lifestyle by considering lifestyle formation stages and their influencing factors. This study introduces the Lifestyle-DEPER model and presents a lifestyle intervention strategy (KEEP) to promote health. Further research is required to validate the practicality of the model after applying interventions based on the lifestyle construction model.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.17
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• pp.55-89
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• 2003

What are the international aviation regimes? It is said that they are sets of principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures of international aviation around which aviation actors' (states-actors, intergovernmental aviation organization, international aviation conventions, airlines and their organizations etc.) expectations converge in a given aviation issue-area for the purposes of the human welfare and the operations of the stable civil aviation. In this regards, the purposes of this study are focused on the aviation actors' shifts. Chronologically, international aviation regimes have been developed by some stages as followings; The 1st stage is the period from 1944 Chicago Convention to 1978 US Deregulation Act, when the aviation regulations and rules within the international aviation relations were implemented by Chicago-Bermuda regimes as Christer Jonsson pointed out. In this first stage, the sovereignty for the airspace over their countries is absolute. The second stage is the period from 1978 to '1992 Open Skies Agreement' between US and Netherlands. In this regime, airlines' activities as well as state-actors' have been actuated. The third stage is the period from 1992 to the contemporary. In this stage, airlines' activities for the consumers such as 'Open Skies Agreements', 'e-commerce business', 'airspace open policy within EU area', 'service open policy of WTO', and 'airlines' strategic alliance' are the central focal points in the world aviation relationship. In the conclusion, this phenomenon of the core actors in the international aviation rules has been shifted from the states-actors to the non-states actors especially, operating airlines, or consuming customers. Finally, I' d like to suggest that international aviation regimes should be developed to promote and facilitate the globalized level for the people's movements among the global aviation society. That is the way to proceed to the welfare and peace for all human beings of the World.