• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.577-612
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• 2016

The distribution of boundary markers, set up during the Yimjin(1712) Boundary Making and Demarcation(YBMD), has less been addressed so far, although it is key material evidence on which we can reconstruct the whole processes of YBMD, together with the correction of widespread myths around YBMD. This paper aims to clarify the questions on the distribution of boundary markers associated with YBMD, built during August 1712 to September 1713, by reinterpreting the key documents of Actual Survey on them: Huh Ryang and Park Dosang(1913), Kim Woosik(1883), Lee Joongha(1885), Wu Luzhen(1907), Osone Seiji(1907), and Liu Jianfeng(1908), together with topographic maps by Japanese Imperial Army(1933), the report of expedition to Mt. Baekdu by Chungjin Teachers' College(1948), and the report of field survey by Jilin province's expedition(1957). As a result, the distribution of boundary markers built in 1712~1713 is successfully reconstructed, and summarized in the format of table and maps.

• The Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1 s.380
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• pp.42-43
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• 2001

조선조 숙종때의 역관 김지남은 화약제조법을 다룬 무기관련책, "신전자초방"을 남겼으며 일본을 다녀와 쓴 개행문 "통문관지"를 펴내기도 했다. 그가 도입한 새 화약 제조법은 재료를 아무데서나 구입할 수 있고 제품을 오래 보관할 수 있으면서도 재료가 적게들어 비용이 절약된다는 장점을 갖고 있었다. 그는 또 1712년 중국에서 파견된 목극등과 함께 백두산에 가서 측량하여 우리나라와 중국의 국경을 확정짓고 '백두산 정계비'를 세우기도 했다.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.474-496
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• 2010

In this article I try to investigate fifteen place names presented in the area of Baekdu mountain and Duman river of "Daedongnyeojido". The aims of the investigation are to clear Jeongho Kim's understanding on the national boundary implicated in the map, to search the etymology of the place names, and to analyze the place names miswritten. Through the investigation it will be suggested that the map presents the idea of 'Tomun river = Duman river = Bungye river', and recognizes 'Abrok river-Jeonggyebi-Duman river' as the landmarks of the boundary between Joseon(Korea) and Qing(China). Through the etymological analysis of the place names it will be suggested that some place names(Bundonggang, Geongatoi, Sihuasan, Geolodong and Daedong) originated from Nuzhen(Manchurian), the other place names(Gulsan and Guambong) originated from Korean. The location of the place names will be suggested also.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.571-605
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• 2015

This research revealed that 'Yipjiamlyu' in the Mukedeng's map is geographically 'a beginning point of underf low,' whose location is on the Heishigou's riverbed(E.L. 1,840m) in the NNE side of Daegakbong peak, and that 'Tomungangweon'(Heishigou) is one of the upstream reach of the Sungari River, which, according to historical documents and my fieldwork, Mukedeng also knew at the time of Yimjin(1712) Boundary Making and Demarcation(YBMD). These findings suggest the need to reinterpret the processes of YBMD. Mukedeng set up the Baekdusanjeonggyeobi on the mistaken assumptions on the linkage of 'Yipjiamlyu' and Tumen River. It should have been set up on the Daeyeonjibong peak. Mukedeng found the 'Yipjiamlyu' on the riverbed of 'Tomungangweon'(Heishigou), went downstream, and realized that this river did not flow into the Tumen River. During the search for the source of Tumen River, he found a water stream, and regarded it as the source of Tumen River. He speculated that the water at the 'Yipjiamlyu' flows through the underground to reappear at the his 'identified' source of Tumen River. Consequently, he adjured the construction of demarcation from Baekdusanjeonggyeobi through 'Yipjiamlyu' to the his 'identified' source of Tumen River. The water stream pointed as the source of Tumen River, however, was not part of the upstream reach of Tumen River. Actually, Korean officials, who were in charge of establishing boundary features, set up the demarcation from Baekdusanjeonggyeobi through Huanghuasongdianzi to the true source of Tumen River identified by themselves, which Mukedeng had not intended. The ambiguity of the location of 'Yipjiamlyu' caused a difference between Mukedeng's original request and Korean officials' implementation in the boundary demarcation. Throughout the whole processes of YBMD, Korea(Joseon) and China(Qing) both mistook the real geography of the river system. Their understanding on Yalu River system was correct. But the identification of the spring source of the Tumen River by Korean participants was the only geographically correct result related on this river system in YBMD.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.73-103
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• 2017

This paper reports the distribution of soil piles set up during the Yimjin(1712) Boundary Making and Demarcation(YBMD). Through the survey on the distribution of soil piles the location of 'Suchul'(水出: seepage zone) could be identified. The endpoint soil pile set up on the east-south bank of Heishigou(黑石溝) stream locates on $42^{\circ}04^{\prime}20.09^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $128^{\circ}16^{\prime}08.42^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$. The west beginning point of soil piles distributed in the south side of Tuhexian road locates on $42^{\circ}02^{\prime}20.14^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $128^{\circ}18^{\prime}53.40^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$. And the east endpoint of them locates $42^{\circ}01^{\prime}32.97^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $128^{\circ}21^{\prime}24.59^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$. From the west beginning point to the soil pile located in 2.1km distance from the beginning point, the distribution direction is west-east. The direction of soil piles after them is northwest-southeast. The total real length of soil piles distributed in the south side of Tuhexian(圖和線) road is about 4.2km more or less. The location of 'Suchul' written on the Mukedeng's map locates on $42^{\circ}01^{\prime}30.36^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $128^{\circ}21^{\prime}3.62^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$, The point locates in southeastward 222m distance from the soil piles endpoint of the south side of Tuhexian road. In reference of these reports this paper develops some reinterpretation on the YBMD.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.184-192
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• 2011

Cultural heritage is the historic symbol implying the life of people and regionality. Accordingly, the study on cultural heritage along the border between Korea and China is a very critical and urgent task for educational purposes as well as to secure historic and cultural awareness and national identity. The border area between Korea and China is classified into the areas along Aprok River and areas along Tumen River where the cultural heritage of various ethnicities is scattered. Accordingly, this study tried to find the approaches to implement and use the exhibition contents for educational purposes as well as visual applications rather than a literary study on cultural heritage in the border area between Korea and China. The results of this study will be the opportunity to enhance the practical understanding of the modern states as well as to learn the cultural awareness of the territory of a modern state and people's awareness of the importance of world heritages. Furthermore, the results of this study will be used as the resources for historic and cultural tours on the web or applications and help to understand the cultural features of Korea and China in the northeastern region as well as historic awareness in educational programs using exhibition materials in a museum.