• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.15-28
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• 2016

Port of Busan is Korea's largest trading port processing over 18,000 TEU a year. This rapid growth causes air pollution problems in Busan. Ship emissions are significant air pollution sources and port area is relatively close to the business district, therefore it may have serious effects to the health of local people and environment. In this study, ship emissions are estimated, especially on hotelling large vessels. As a result, Port of Busan has 50,686, 48,842 ship calls and 2,343,037 and 2,297,118 tons of ship emissions in 2011 and 2012 respectively. Also, the environmental cost in Port of Busan is approximately 1.2 trillion won per year. This study emphasizes the necessity of ship emissions regulation, hence, it is expected to make a significant contribution in setting up ship emission management system.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.689-733
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• 2011

This study evaluates a novel scheme to trade sulfur dioxide emission permits subject to non-uniform rates. These rates are based on generators' marginal costs of compliance with environmental policy in a hypothesized least social-cost solution. This scheme is compared against the existing trading program used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, featuring permits tradable one for one. Both policies are modeled to yield identical aggregate emissions. A numerical partial-equilibrium model of the U.S. energy industry is used to infer sulfur dioxide concentrations and health damages, as well as producer and consumer surplus, under the two policies. Regional pollution levels are found to vary across the two policies significantly. The system of exchange rates is estimated to outperform the uniform-trading scheme by $2.2 billion in industry profits and $2.1 billion in health damages, but to reduce consumer surplus by $6.7 billion. Paradoxically, exchange rates are thus estimated to lower total welfare by $2.5 billion. This is due to conceptual mechanism-design problems, as well as empirical issues.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.193-202
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• 2006

The Consultative Meeting of the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other matter, 1972 (London Convention 1972) has requested to International Maritime Organization (IMO) Marine Environmental Protection Committee to collaborate and help clarify a boundary issue between International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Shops, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL) and the London Convention concerning 'dumping' versus 'discharges' during normal operations of ships in 2004, and subsequently established a Joint London Convention/MEPC Correspondence Group. The Contracting Parties to London Convention expressed their environmental concerns on the broad interpretation of the "cargo-associated wastes" by the States, which could be discharged by ships under MARPOL. Regulatory regimes for the cargo residues appear to vary among states. Some countries require fur ships to discharge their cargo wastes into the port reception facility and IMO also recommends doing so. This paper examines the related current national and international legal texts for the regulation of disposal of wastes from ships in order to analyze the current global concern on the marine pollution associated with waste discharge during operations of ships. In particular, we attempt to evaluate the likely marine environmental consequences arising from the disposal of cargo residue using an hypothetical case for the coal cargo residue among bulk cargos in this paper, since location, magnitude and frequency of the discharge of coal cargo residues into the sea adjacent to Korean Peninsula are not readily available. The cargo residues may be discharged to the sea according to MARPOL 73/78; however, its marine environmental consequences can be significant depending upon the characteristics and amounts of wastes to be discharged. Also the public tolerance of the environmental consequences would be widely different among nations. Multilateral environmental agreements, in general, more strictly apply their rules if there are other options to disposal at sea, i.e. port reception facility in this case. Therefore, port reception facilities for the wastes generated by ships are recommended to be further constructed in major national ports in order to reduce the risk of environmental damages during the operations of ships.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.97-104
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• 2006

Though stringent guidelines are in place to protect the harbor environment, pollution from ships, from the ports terminals. Discharge from the ballast tanks of ships, though illegal, does occur. Such vessels, arriving from distant ports of call, can introduce exotic species of plants and animals, causing disruption of the local food web. Discharges rich in nitrogen can generate the rapid growth of plankton, eventually leading to a condition known as red tide that is lethal to some coastal organisms. In addition to the harbor's negative effects on marine organisms, the diesel engines of the ships and the trucks that haul cargo to and from the ports release large volumes of diesel exhaust into the atmosphere. IMO(International Maritime Organization) is strongly proceeding with adoption of a new maritime environment convention and coming into effect for regulation enhancement about the pollutants which are happened in a ship recently. Study about the conventions that our country currently comes into effect, and there is during forwarding and correspondence must be performed effectively. In this paper, International convention on the control of harmful Anti-Fouling system on ship, Ballast water management, Prevention of air pollution from ships, treat a main pending problem in ocean related environmental regulation convention.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.141-151
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• 2019

Korea has passed the Act on the Integrated Control of Pollutant-Discharging Facilities in 2015, and the integrated environmental management under the BAT standard is underway. To summarize the nature of integrated environmental management, it is the regulation by the integration of the management of the multi-pollutant source and the technical standard of BATs. In general, in environmental economics, regulation-based on technical standards are known to be inefficient. This paper attempts to evaluate the efficiency of BAT standards from an economic point of view. A simple multi-pollutant model demonstrates that the inefficiency of the environmental tax with imperfect information in a single pollutant situation is amplified under multi-pollutant conditions. The simultaneous introduction of BAT and IPPC can be partially explained by this logic. It is also highlighted by the strengthening of BAT standards by EU, as a countermeasure to the potential deterioration of air quality caused by the change of effective environmental taxes accompanying the fuel and emission price changes.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.399-404
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• 2021

From 1 January 2020, the limit for Sulphur in fuel oil used on board ships operating outside designated emission control areas will be reduced to 0.5 %. This regulation by international maritime organization (IMO) is able to significantly reduce the amount of Sulphur oxides (SOx) discharging from ships and should have environmental advantages and health for all over the world. To meet the regulation, in these days, wet scrubber system is being actively developed. However, this process leads to make washing wastewater. In this study, we evaluated ion exchange resin system in accordance with scrubber wastewater discharge regulation by IMO. Theoretical wastewater used as feed solution of lab scale water treatment systems. The results revealed that nitrate ion was removed selectively in spite of high TDS wash wastewater solution depending on ion exchange resin property. Moreover, it was possible to improve efficiency of the system by optimizing operating conditions.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.78-88
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• 2012

As worldwide efforts to reduce global warming gases, the construction Industry is endeavoring to diminish carbon dioxides emissions. Especially, by introducing the LCA methodology to the industry, A variety of related studies to measure the emission of carbon dioxides have been conducted. However, when the conventional LCA methodology is applied to the construction projects, some limitations have been reported. To overcome the restrictions derived from the industry characteristics, this research suggested the Activity-based LCA model by applying the Activity-based Costing (ABC), which breaks down the whole life cycles into more detailed stages. By implementing the newly developed model, forecasting accuracy of $CO_2$ emission was elevated, and the critical control points on carbon dioxides were established. Through the case study of aluminium curtain-wall system, this research verified the usefulness of the Activity-based LCA.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.120-125
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• 2007

Burning the fossil fuel in the thermal power plants causes green house gas emission. Monitoring of CO2 emission of the thermal power plants is growing more important because the amount produced by them is more than 20 percent of national total emission. This paper proposes a method to calculate the amount of the CO2 emission w.r.t. generator[MW] output using the input-output coefficients of the thermal power plants. The power flow computation together with the CO2 emission calculation are demonstrated in a sample power system.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.643-672
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• 2006

This study has assessed the industrial human toxicity index by means of toxic substances emissions in South Korean industry. The data used in analysis are the 146 kinds of the toxic chemicals emissions and final demands, total outputs in the input-output table. As a results, human carcinogenic index was $11.86198{\times}10^3$ for overall industries, and $0.26360{\times}10^3$ for average. The industries of higher human toxicity index can be ranked as follows: Mother vehicles and parts (7.85033) > Pig iron and crude steel(4.57409) > Primary iron and steel products(4.36668) > Other transportation equipments and parts(3.43293) > Inorganic basic chemical products(2.64379), etc. Such result can be considered as the priority order of regulation based on industrial characteristics, when the demand and industrial policies should be carried out for the deduction fof toxic substances.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2014

Using dried sludge as a secondary fuel of a coal-fired power plant is proposed as an alternative option for sludge disposal. Because elemental contents of sludge are different from those of coal, different levels of acidic gas emissions are expected from the co-combustion of sludge with coal. In this study, sludge samples were obtained from 7 sewage treatment plants in Korea. Each sludge sample was combusted together with coal in a lab-scale combustor, and the concentrations of nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$), sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$), hydrogen chloride (HCl), chlorine ($Cl_2$) in the flue gas were analyzed. Compared to the combustion of coal only, $NO_x$ concentration was slightly higher in the flue gas from the co-combustion of coal and sludge. $SO_2$ emission increased with the combustion of sludge due to the higher content of sulfur in sludge than in coal. For most of the tested samples, the concentrations of HCl and $Cl_2$ were varied depending on the chlorine content in the sludge sample.