• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.199-236
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• 2014

This paper analyses from the perspective of distributive justice the legal mechanisms for international allocation of orbital slots, which are of co-owned nature and thereby limited natural resources in outer space. The allocative function is delegated to the International Telecommunication Union. The Radio Regulation, amongst such other legal instruments as the Constitution and Convention, by which the ITU and contracting States thereof abides, dictates how the orbital positions are distributed. Thus, the RR is thoroughly reviewed in the essay. The mechanisms are in a broad sense categorized into two systems: 'a posteriori system' where the 'first come, first served' principle prevails; and 'a priori system' designed to foster the utilisation of the slots by those who lack space resources and are, in especial, likely to be marginalised under the former system. The argument proceeds on the premise that a posteriori system places the under-resourced States in unfavourable positions in the securement of the slots. In contrast with this notion, seven factors were instantiated for an assertion that the degradation of the distributive justice derived from the 'first come, first served' rule, which lays the foundation for the system, could be either mitigated or counterbalanced by the alleged exceptions to the rule. However, the author of this essay argues for counterevidences against the factors and thereby demonstrating that the principle still remains as an overwhelming doctrine, posing a threat to the pursuit of fair allocation. The elements he set forth are as in the following: 1) that the 'first come, first served' principle only applies to assignments capable of causing harmful interferences; 2) the interoperability of the principle with the 'rule of conformity' with the all the ITU instruments; 3) the viability of alternative registrations, as an exception of the application of the principle, on the condition of provisional and informational purposes; 4) another reference that matters in deciding the priority: the types of services in the TFA; 5) the Rule of Procedure H40 proclaiming a ban on taking advantage of coming first to the Register; 6) the technical factors and equity-oriented norms under international and municipal laws along with; 7) the changes of 'basic characteristics' of registered assignments. The second half of this essay illustrates by examining the relevant Annexes to the Regulation that the planned allocation, i.e., a priori system, bear the structured flaws that hinder the fulfillment of the original purpose of the system. The Broadcasting and Fixed Satellite Systems are the reviewed Plans in which the 'first come, first served' principle re-emerges in the end as a determining factor to grant the 'right to international recognition' to administrations including those who has not the allotted portions in the Plan.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.47-90
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• 2007

과학상은 과학자 사회를 유지하는 중요한 기제인 보상체계의 한 요소로 과학사회학에서 많은 연구가 이루어졌다. 전통적으로 보상의 기능은 과학적 업적에 대한 인정의 배분으로 간주되었다. 그러나 머튼 이후 여러 학자들은 과학상을 비롯한 보상이 당대의 인지적 규범에 순응하게 만드는 사회적 통제의 과정이기도 하다는 주장을 제기했다. 이 논문은 우리나라 과학상의 역사적 변천과정과 그 특성에 대한 분석을 통해 과학상이 인정의 적절한 배분으로 과학자 사회 내에서 작동했는지 살펴본다. 분석을 통해 드러난 우리나라 과학상의 특성은 다음과 같이 요약된다. 첫째, 우리나라 과학상은 정부에 의해 주도되었고, 상의 가시성의 원천은 정부 또는 국가에서 나온다. 둘째, 과학상은 과학자 사회 내부의 인정 배분이라는 전통적 기능보다 정부의 정책 목표달성을 위한 통제 방식으로 기능하는 경향이 있다. 셋째, 최근 과학상은 연구비와 결합되면서 과학엘리트를 형성하고 그 구조를 강화시키는 하나의 통로가 되고 있다.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.191-216
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• 2007

This study focuses on the problem of feminization of poverty that is formed within family relations. In order to approach this question, this study analyses the process of becoming poor through the life stories of ten woman are now heads of a household. There are differences among the study participants in the process of becoming a member of a low-income class. I have classified them into two groups depending on the routes they are led into the low-income class; one is the continuation of poverty group, and the other is the new members of the low-income class group. The continuation of poverty group is the case where they have been poor since their childhood and are still poor in their adulthood. The new members of the low-income class group is the case where you have become a low-income class sometime around divorce. The difference of the groups are related to the differences of the ways the power relationships work within a family. Women head of a household are prone to poverty because of the discrimination in formation, distribution and control of resources in their original family and their family formed by marriage. The norm of male breadwinner worked as a discrimination device. But this kind of discrimination device showed differences in their workings according to class. The continuation of poverty group experienced exclusion in the gendered responsibility of supporting the family and maintaining the family, whereas the other group experienced exclusion through the gendered nature of the distribution and control of resources. By showing that the presupposition of discussions on the poverty of woman head of a household is false, these findings challenge the existing view that as long as 'The Family' is maintained women will not be poor.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.194-218
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• 2008

The public-private partnership concept can encompass a broad range of cooperative relations and a broad variety of programmes in terns of size, objectives and design. This paper aims to analyze the components of public-private partnership mechanisms in the context of science and technology innovation policy. The research methodologies are based on semi-structured interviews with policy makers in four countries with six PPP programme : the France, the Netherlands, the Australia and Austria. It also attempts to understanding of the components that explain the increase of collaboration between national innovation system and PPPs. The taxonomy and essential components of PPPs were identified : mission-oriented PP/Ps, market-Oriented PP/Ps, cluster-oriented PP/Ps, and ISRs-Oriented PP/Ps. The taxonomy of regulatory regime can be a reference point for identifying the relative status of Korea's PPPs.