• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.34
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• pp.7-12
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• 2022

Purpose: When it is difficult to secure the skin dose when treating Irregularly Shaped Skin Surface such as the nose where it is difficult to apply a bolus, increase the skin dose with a treatment plan that combines the IMRT (Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy) delivery technique and FFF (Flattening Filter Free), It was tried to find out whether or not through the phantom experiment. Materials & Methods: Based on the 6MV-FF (Flattening Filter) and VMAT (Volumetric-Modulated Arc Therapy) treatment plans, which are the most commonly used treatment plans for head and neck cancer, A comparison group was created by combining VMAT and IMRT, FF and FFF, and the presence or absence of 5 mm bolus application. A virtual target was created on the Rando Phantom's nose, and a virtual bolus of 5 mm was applied assuming full contact on the Rando Phantom's nose. Five measurement points were determined based on the phantom's nose, and the absorbed dose was measured by irradiating each treatment plan 3 times per treatment plan according to the treatment technique and whether or not the bolus was applied. Result: The difference in skin dose in FF vs FFF increased in the case of FFF in VMAT bolus off, and there was no difference in case of IMRT bolus off. In VMAT bolus 5 mm and IMRT bolus 5 mm, it was confirmed that the skin dose was rather decreased in FFF. The difference in skin dose between VMAT and IMRT increased only in the case of FFF bolus off, and there was no statistical difference in the rest. For the difference in skin dose between bolus off vs bolus 5 mm, it was confirmed that the skin dose increased at bolus 5 mm, except for the case of using IMRT FFF. The treatment plan combining IMRT and FFF did not find any statistically significant difference as a result of analyzing the measured values of the treatment plan skin dose applied with a 5 mm bolus using the commonly used VMAT and FF. Therefore, it is thought that by using IMRT_FFF, it is possible to deliver a skin dose similar to that of applying a 5 mm bolus to VMAT_FF, which can be useful for patients who need a high skin dose but have difficulty applying a bolus. Conclusion: For patients who find it difficult to apply bolus, an increase in skin dose can be expected with a treatment plan that properly combines IMRT and FFF compared to VMAT and FF.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.253-258
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the relationship between the external radiation dose reconstruction which is transmitted from the patient who receives radiation treatment through electronic portal imaging device (EPID) and the internal dose derived from the Monte Carlo simulation. As a comparative analysis of the two cases, it is performed to provide a basic indicator for similar studies. The geometric information of the experiment and that of the radiation source were entered into Monte Carlo n-particle (MCNPX) which is the computer simulation tool and to derive the EPID images, a tally card in MCNPX was used for visualizing and the imaging of the dose information. We set to source to surface distance (SSD) 100 cm for internal measurement and EPID. And the water phantom was set to be 100 cm of the source to surface distance (SSD) for the internal measurement and EPID was set to 90 cm of SSD which is 10 cm below. The internal dose was collected from the water phantom by using mesh tally function in MCNPX, accumulated dose data was acquired by four-portal beam exposures. At the same time, after getting the dose which had been passed through water phantom, dose reconstruction was performed using back-projection method. In order to analyze about two cases, we compared the penetrated dose by calibration of itself with the absorbed one. We also evaluated the reconstructed dose using EPID and partially accumulated (overlapped) dose in water phantom by four-portal beam exposures. The sum dose data of two cases were calculated as each 3.4580 MeV/g (absorbed dose in water) and 3.4354 MeV/g (EPID reconstruction). The result of sum dose match from two cases shows good agreement with 0.6536% dose error.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1978

In order to investigate corelation between contents of dioctylphthalate in polyvinylchloride blent dibutyl tin dilaulate with dibutyl tin maleate as stabilizer and the behaviors of radiation resistance as well as electrical conductivity on irradiated specimens, several observations were carried out. A characteristic peak observed in the range of $1,540-1,640cm^{-1}$ on infrared spectra shows such a sensitive response to radiation as the intensity decreases with increasing doses and that this tendency strongly depressed in the presence of plasticizer. It is seemingly attributed for origin of the peak to the existence of RCOO- ion resulting from dissociation of stabilizere, further the depressive effect of decreasing peak intensity influenced by radiation seems to be caused by resonance absorption in benzen ring being a consistituent of plasticizer. It is also suggestive to be use the peak behavior influenced by radiation as a criterion for the evaluation of radiation resistance of PVC. Further the results obtained from electrical conductivity measurement also exhibit reasonable characteristics explainable with views used for the interpretation of the peak behavior mentioned previousely.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.290-297
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• 2009

In case of radiation treatment using small field high-energy photon beams, an accurate dosimetry is a challenging task because of dosimetrically unfavorable phenomena such as dramatic changes of the dose at the field boundaries, dis-equilibrium of the electrons, and non-uniformity between the detector and the phantom materials. In this study, the absorbed dose in the phantom was measured by using an ion chamber and a diode detector widely used in clinics. $GAFCHROMIC^{(R)}$ EBT films composed of water equivalent materials was also evaluated as a small field detector and compared with ionchamber and diode detectors. The output factors at 10 cm depth of a solid phantom located 100 cm from the 6 MV linear accelerator (Varian, 6 EX) source were measured for 6 field sizes ($5{\times}5\;cm^2$, $2{\times}2\;cm^2$, $1.5{\times}1.5\;cm^2$, $1{\times}1\;cm^2$, $0.7{\times}0.7\;cm^2$ and $0.5{\times}0.5\;cm^2$). As a result, from $5{\times}5\;cm^2$ to $1.5{\times}1.5\;cm^2$ field sizes, absorbed doses from three detectors were accurately identified within 1%. Wheres, the ion chamber underestimated dose compared to other detectors in the field sizes less than $1{\times}1\;cm^2$. In order to correct the observed underestimation, a convolution method was employed to eliminate the volume averaging effect of an ion chamber. Finally, in $1{\times}1\;cm^2$ field the absorbed dose with a diode detector was about 3% higher than that with the EBT film while the dose with the ion chamber after volume correction was 1% lower. For $0.5{\times}0.5\;cm^2$ field, the dose with the diode detector was 1% larger than that with the EBT film while dose with volume corrected ionization chamber was 7% lower. In conclusion, the possibility of $GAFCHROMIC^{(R)}$ EBT film as an small field dosimeter was tested and further investigation will be proceed using Monte Calro simulation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.460-463
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• 2004

본 논문은 고에너지 방사선 검출을 위한 흔합형 구조의 방사선 센서를 제작, 반응 특성을 평가하였다. 먼저, 스크린 인쇄법을 이용하여 형광체 필름을 제작하였으며, 발광스펙트럼(PL, Photoluminescence) 및 잔광 시간(decay time) 측정을 통하여 형광체의 발광 특성을 조사하였다. 제작된 혼합구조의 방사선 센서는 $2{\mu}m$ 두께의 $HgI_2$와 $150{\mu}m$ 두께의 형광체 필름으로 제작되었으며, 면적은 $2\;cm\;{\times}\;2\;cm$이다. 방사선에 대한 전기적 검출 신호의 특성을 조사하기 위해 인가전압에 따른 암전류 및 방사선민감도, 선량에 따른 검출신호를 측정하였다. 측정결과, 제작된 $HgI_2$ 필름은 방사선에 의해 형광체에서 방출된 가시광 파장을 잘 흡수하였으며, 진단영역의 저에너지 방사선에 의해 직접 전기적 신호를 발생시켜 높은 방사선 민감도를 보였다. 뿐만 아니라, 인가전압에 대해 $10\;pA/mm^2$이하의 낮은 암전류를 가졌으며, 넓은 조사선량에서 우수한 선형성을 보였다.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2014

By using a Chest Phantom(DUKE Phantom) focusing on dose reduction of diagnostic radiation field with the most use of artificial radiation, and attempt to reduce radiation dose studies technical radiation. Publisher of the main user of the X-ray Radiological technologists, Examine the effect of reducing the radiation dose to apply additional filtering of the X-ray generator. In order to understand the organ dose and effective dose by using the PC-Based Monte Carlo Program(PCXMC) Program, the patient receives, was carried out this research. In this experiment, by applying a complex filter using a copper and Al(aluminum,13) and filtered single of using only aluminum with the condition set, and measures the number of the disk of copper indicated by DUKE Phantom. The combination of the composite filtration and filtration of a single number of the disk of the copper is the same, with the PCXMC 2.0. Program looking combination of additional filtration fewest absorbed dose was calculated effective dose and organ dose. Although depends on the use mAs, The 80 kVp AP projection conditions, it is possible to reduce the effective amount of about 84 % from about 30 % to a maximum at least. The 120 kVp PA projection conditions, it is possible to reduce the effective amount of about 71 % from about 41 % to a maximum of at least. The organ dose, dose reduction rate was different in each organ, but it showed a decrease of dose rate of 30 % to up 100 % at least. Additional filtration was used on the imaging conditions throughout the study. There was no change in terms of video quality at low doses. It was found that using the DUKE Phantom and PCXMC 2.0 Program were suitable to calculate the effect of reducing the effective dose and organ dose.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.123-127
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• 2014

The Cs-137 irradiator is widely used to irradiate biological samples for radiobiological research. To obtain the accurate outcomes, correct measurements of the delivered absorbed dose to a sample is important. The IAEA protocols such as TRS-277 and TRS-398 were recommended for the Cs-137 reference dosimetry. However in TRS-398 protocol, currently known as the most practical dosimetry protocol, the quality factor ($k_{Q,Q_0}$) for Cs-137 gamma rays is not suggested. Therefore, the use of TRS-398 protocol is currently unavailable for the Cs-137 dosimetry directly. The calculation method previously introduced for high energy photon beams in radiotherapy was used for deriving the Cs-137 beam qualities ($k_{Q,Q_0}$) for the 15 commercially available farmer type ionization chambers in this study. In conclusion, $k_{Q,Q_0}$ values were ranged from 0.998 to 1.002 for Cs-137 gamma rays. These results can be used as the reference and dosimeter calibrations for Cs-137 gamma rays in the future radiobiological researches.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.391-399
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• 2007

Three-dimensional approaches for the diagnosis and analysis of the dentofacial area are becoming more popular in accordance with the development of cone-beam CT (CBCT). The purposes of this study were to evaluate the reliability of cephalometric measurements of lateral cephalograms generated from a CBCT image by making comparisons with the traditional digital lateral cephalogram, and to evaluate the possibility of the clinical application of CBCT generated cephalogram images. Methods: Twenty patients whose external auditory meatus could be identified in the CBCT image were selected, and both CBCT and digital cephalograms were taken. Differences between the measurements of both cephalograms were tested by paired t-test. Results: Among the 22 measurements used, only U1-FH, Mx6 to PTV, and maxillomandibular difference showed statistically significant differences between the CBCT generated cephalogram and the digital cephalogram. Conclusions: The results suggest that the CBCT generated cephalogram can be used for some cephalometric measurements not requiring porion, PTV, condylion as a landmark (SNA, SNB, U1 to SN, IMPA, interincisal angle, etc.).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2017

Monte Carlo simulations were used to assess dose enhancement effects for 60-, 90-, 120-, and 150-kV X-rays, and for 6- and 15-MV X-rays. The MCNPX code was used for a computer simulation of the ICRU slab phantom, and gold, gadolinium, and iron oxide (Fe2O3) were employed as dose enhancement agents. In consideration of the buildup region of the incident energy, agent concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/g were inserted on the surface of the phantom at a depth of 5 cm. Based on baseline values obtained in the absence of dose enhancement agents, a quantitative analysis was performed by evaluating depth-dependent changes in the absorbed energy and the dose enhancement factor (DEF). A higher concentration of dose enhancement agents led to a greater dose enhancement effect with iron oxide, gadolinium, and gold in descending order. For kilovoltage (kV) X-rays, as the incident energy was decreased and as the energy became closer to the ionization potential of the atoms in the enhancement agent, the dose enhancement effect increased. In the megavoltage (MV) X-ray range, dose enhancement was higher at 6 MV compared with 15 MV. However, the overall dose enhancements were significantly lower compared to the results obtained with kV X-rays.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2011

In this study we modeled the varian 2100C/D linear accelerator head and multi-leaf collimator by simulation with the GEANT4 Monte Carlo toolkit. Then central axis percentage depth dose profiles and lateral dose profiles within homogeneous water phantom($50{\times}50{\times}50\;cm^3$) were evaluated with 6 MV photon beam. The simulations were performed in two stages. In the first stage, photon energy spectrum at the target were computed were computed. Then spectra data was directly irradiated in the water phantom using sampling techniques. The simulation data were compared with experimental data to evaluate the accuracy of the model. Results showed that two data were matched within 2% error boundary. The proposed method will be applied for simulation of dose calculation and dose distribution study.