• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.99-105
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• 2014

Purpose : We compared the set-up accuracy and right-left Shoulder position variation of the manufactured device and other commercial shoulder-retractors in the head and neck radiation treatment. Materials and Methods : Six patients consist of three groups which were used three different Shoulder retractors. We measured position corrections of left and right Shoulder and the couch after the image guidance by using on board imager (OBI) for six head and neck patients who has the extended target to the neck node lower region. Results : The position variation correction of left (right) Shoulder after image guidance were $1.07{\pm}3.99mm$ ($-4.35{\pm}2.09mm$), $-0.37{\pm}5.91mm$ ($1.26{\pm}5.28mm$), $-0.63{\pm}2.44mm$ ($0.25{\pm}1.61mm$) for group A, B and C. The vertical, lateral, longitudinal position and angular corrections of the couch after image guidance were $-2.06{\pm}2.68$, $-1.11{\pm}8.15$, $0.34{\pm}3.78mm$, and $0.51{\pm}0.77$ degree for group A, $-1.18{\pm}1.82$, $-0.94{\pm}2.13$, $-0.67{\pm}1.98mm$, and $0.91{\pm}1.04$ degree for group B and $0.12{\pm}2.18$, $-0.79{\pm}2.64$, $0.79{\pm}2.64$, and $0.00{\pm}0.49$ degree for group C. Conclusion : In this preliminary study, we found the positioning accuracy of the manufactured Shoulder retractor is comparable to other commercial Shoulder retractors. We expect that the reproducibility and accuracy of the patient set-up could be improved by using the home made Shoulder retractor in the head and neck radiation treatment.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 1976

Forty one samples from thirty three species of algae (19 from 15 species of Rhodophyceae, 18 from 14 species of Phaeophyceae, 3 from 3 species of Chlorophyceae, and 1 of marine Phanerogams) collected from several locations on the east, west and south coast of Korea, were analyzed for their contents of crude protein, fat, cellulose, ash, nitrogen free extract, amino nitrogen, and total amino acids. For the examination of extractability of algal protein with water, 4 species of algae, Sargassum thunberggi, Grateloupia filicina, Phyllospadix japonica, and Sargassum confusum, were analyzed. And the effect of some precipitation treatments for isolation of algal protein was also tested. As a matter of fact, Rhodophyceae showed high content in crude protein and low in crude fat while the case was opposite for Phaeophyceae and Chlorophyceae. Refering to the content of crude protein and total amino acids, the recommendable algae for protein sources were Sargassum thunbergii, Acrosorium flabellata, Phacelocarpus japonicus, Laurencia okamurai, Laurencia intermedia, Grateloupia filicina, Chondrus ocellatus, Gloiopeltis furcata, Gigartina tenella, Dictyota dichotoma, and Scytosiphon lomentaria. Methanol treatment appeared most effective in precipitation isolation of protein from water extracts whereas pH control method did not so beneficial. The precipitation rate of protein was particularity higher in the extract of Sargassum confusum ana the lowest was makted from the extract of Sargassum thunbergii.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 1975

According to Yoshihisa Kuroki's report that the total amount of carotenoid was more in the susceptible to pine bark beetle, than in the resistant ones, carotenoids were extracted from needle leaves of one year old seedlings of Pinus thunbergii, Pinus desiflora, Pinus rigida, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus rigitaeda and Pinus taeda which are all important pines in Korea, to find their resistant ratio to the insect. The carotenoids were analyzed and compared using the spectra of them by spectrophotometer. The results were as follows: 1. The visible absorption spectra of carotenoids in those pine trees were proved to be very similar. 2. The total amount of carotenoids in needles differed with the tree species and the contents were arranged in decreasing order P. koraiensis>P. rigida>P. thunbergii>P. rigitaeda>P. taeda, it seemed that there was corelation between the cartenoid content and the extent of harm caused by the pine bark beetles except P. koraiensis. 3. But carotenoids were contained in Robinia pseudoacacia, Castanea crenata, Chamaecyparis obtusa and Cedrus deodra leaves too. 4. The total amounts of carotenoids in these pines of 9 species were arranged in decreasing order Robinia pseudoacacia>Pinus koraiensis>Pinus rigida>Pinus thunbergii>Castanea crenata>Pinus rigitaeda>Pinus taeda>Chamaecyparis obtusa>Cedrus deodara. Therefore, it was proved that there was no correlation between carotenoid cotent and extent of resistance to the insect. 5. In the thin-layer chromatography of these carotenoids, 13 kinds of components in P. densiftora, P. koraiensis and P. rigida and 12 kinds of spots in other pines, were detected respectively, under ultra-violet fluorescent lamp $3,600{\AA}$ and $2,537{\AA}$. 6. The eighth spots from the bottom in P. densiflora, P. koraiensis and P. rigida were not found in other pines and other 4 species (Robinia pseudoacacia, Castanea crenata, Chamacyparis obtusa, Cedrus deodra). Especially the spot in P. densiflora fluoresced strong cobalt blue-fluorescence under ultra-violet fluorescent lamp $2,537{\AA}$.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.23
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• pp.71-105
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• 2005

Toson-Shibigok(Twelve Songs of Toson) which T'oegye, Yi Hwang, composed has received a lot of attention in terms of its educational implications. These implications have become the essential part of Gojeon Sigas(classic songs and poems), and solid evidence has also been accumulated in the literature. Therefore, the purposes of this study are twofold, that is 1) to explore the impact of T'oegye's fundamental structure of the first education at that time and 2) describe how these educational attitudes will eventually yield meta- educational values. What T'oegye meant by fundamental structure of the first education was that Sijos originated from his own experience should be the vital part of teaching method. One can say that T'oegye's teaching method is more integrative than that of modern literature education in that it includes songs. Not only using his own teaching method, but T'oegye tried to demonstrate his own literary structure to his colleagues and the future generations. In the end, Meta-Education which comprises the heart of recent educational theories well reflects Toegye's theoretical propositions. Rather than giving practical knowledge, his method offers the paradigms of thought patterns and shows the learners' attitudes in approaching the truth. Moreover, T'oegye's teaching method has become a good example to the future generations as well as his contemporary followers. In sum, although a lot of years have passed since he died, T'oegye's Sijo works and life still have invaluable impact on the field of education.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.77-90
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• 2005

Objective : Neuropathic pain sometimes arises from a partial peripheral nerve injury. This kind of pain is usually accompanied by spontaneous burning pain, allodynia and hyperalgesia. It has been well known that acupuncture is effective to the pain control from ancient time in Asia. However, it is not clear whether Electroacupuncture(EA) & Acupuncture(AC) can control neuropathic pain effectively. The aim of this study is to examine if Electroacupuncture&Acupuncture at Hu-gye(SI03), Wijung(BL4O), Hu-gye(SI03) Wijung(BL40) may be effective to the neuropathic pain (mechanical allodynia cold allodynia) in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Methods : A rat model of neuropathic pain was made by injurying tibial nerve and sural nerve while common peroneal nerve was maintained. After the neuropathic surgery, we examined if the rats exhibited the behavioral signs allodynia. The allodynia was assessed by stimulating the medial malleolus with von frey filament and acetone. Three weeks after the neuropathic surgery, electroacupuncture &, acupuncture stimulation was delivered to Hu-gye(SI03), Wijung(BL40), Hu-gye(SI03) Wijung(BL40) one time a day for one week. After that we examined the withdrawal response of neuropathic rats' legs by von frey filament and acetone stimulation, c-fos and AchE(Acetylcholine esterase) in the periaqe- ductal gray(PAG) of neuropathic rats' brain. Results : 1. Electroacupuncture&Acupuncture at Hu-gye(SI03), Wijung(BL40), Hu-gye(SI03) Wijung(BL4O) significantly decreased the withdrawal response of mechanically allodynia in EA-BL40+SI03 group and AC-SI03 group as compared with control group on 6th day. 2. Electroacupuncture &Acupuncture at Hu-gye(SI03), Wijung(BL40), Hu-gye (SI03) Wijung (BL40) significantly decreased the withdrawal response of chemical allodynia(cold allodynia) in EA-SI03 group, EA-BL40+SI03 group and AC-SI03 group as compared with control group on 6th day. 3. Electroacupuncture & Acupuncture at Hu-gye ( SI03), Wijung (BL40), Hu-gye (SI03) Wijung(BL40) significantly decreased the expression of c-fos in the periaqe- ductal gray(PAC) of neuropathic rats' brain in EA-BL40+SI03 group and AC-SI03 group as compared with control group. 4. Electroacupuncture&Acupuncture at Hu-gye(SI03), Wijung(BL40), Hu-gye (SI03) Wijung(BL40) significantly decreased the expression of AchE in the periaqe- ductal gray(PAG) of neuropathic rats' brain in EA-BL40+SI03 group and AC-SI03 group as compared with control group. Conclusions : Based on the above results it is assumed that Electroacupuncture at Hu-gye(SI03) Wijung(BL40) and Acupuncture at Hu-gye(SI03) can help the treatment of neuropathic pain.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.2 s.55
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• pp.233-244
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength obtained from ceramic and plastic brackets bonded with various light-cured adhesives and to evaluate their debonded failure sites. Plastic brackets, Transcend 6000, Signature and Starflre TMB brackets were bonded with Orthobond, Light Bond and Transbond on one hundred forty extracted human premolar teeth as manufacturer's descriptions. After thermocycling the brackets were debonded with an Instron universal testing machine and the debonded bracket base surfaces were inspected under stereoscope to evaluate the failure sites. Also the shear bond strength and failure patterns with different curing time and with two different source of light were compared. The results were as follows. 1. There were no statistically significant differences among the mean shear bond strength of Orthobond, Light Bond and Transbond in a same bracket group except Plastic bracket group(p<0.05). 2. The mean shear bond strength of each adhesive with different bracket groups showed statistically significant differences. Stafire TMB showed the highest shear bond strenght among the brackets in this study, but there was no statistically singnificant difference with Transcend 6000 while there was statistically significant difference with Signature.(p<0.05) 3. The various bonding failure patterns were occurred among different bracket groups but most of failure sites were bracket base -adhesive interfaces. 4. There were no statistically significant differences in shear bond strength between the groups with curing time of 10 second and 20 second, and between the groups with two different sources of light as long as sufficient light intensity(above $400mWcm^2$) were provided(p<0.05). According to the result, it should be considered in clinical use of ceramic bracket with light-cured adhesives that the shear strengths of ceramic brackets were influenced by the retention from of bracket base as well as the composition of bracket and there was no difference in the shear bond strenght among various light-cured adhesives used in this study.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.2 s.103
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• pp.131-142
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• 2004

The movement of tooth-bone segments by osteotomy can simultaneously shift tooth and surrounding alveolar bone in a relatively short period. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tissue changes in pulp, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone in rapid tooth-bone movement with osteotomy. The mandibular 3rd premolar of a dog was extracted and cortical bones of the buccal and lingual area were eliminated, and then cortical bones around the mesial and distal area of root, and below the root apex of the mandibular 4th premolar were osteotomized. After a one-week latency period, a tooth-borne distraction device was activated for 6 days. And pulp, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone were evaluated clinically, radiologically, histologically and immunohistochemically at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks of the consolidation Period and conclusions were roached as follows. 1. Latency period didn't affect total amount or tooth movement and healing process of tissue during consolidation period. 2. Bone formation continued through 8 weeks of consolidation in distracted side, with a high peak at 1-2 weeks, and the lowest at 6-8 weeks or consolidation. 3. At 1 week of consolidation, alveolar bone resorption, osteoclast appearance and inflammatory cell infiltration were the most active, and dentinoclasts characteristically appeared on the pulp and pressure side of the periodontal ligament. 4. The expression of $TGF-\beta$ was area-specific, as it was strong-positive at bone matrix, osteoblast osteoclast of alveolar bone, and dentinoclast inside pulp, but weak in pulp, cementoblast and acellular cementum. 5. The expression of $TGF-\beta$ was generally observed at the initial 1-2 weeks of consolidation at vessels, periodontal ligament cells, and osteoblast near alveolar bone on the distraction side of the periodontal ligament, and was significantly decreased after 6 weeks of consolidation.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.1 s.90
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• pp.9-18
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• 2002

The present study hypothesized that the double keyhole looped archwire plays a positive role for the sake of translatory movement and/or controlled tipping of upper 6 anteriors, and secures anchorage control as well. The purposes of the study were to evaluate the changes in lateral cephalograms during orthodontic treatment with DKHLs and to compare the skeletal & dental changes before- & after-treatment. The materials of this study were lateral cephalograms of 20 adult patients with upper dentoalveolar protrusion both in class I and in class II Division1 malocclusion. Lateral cephalograms were taken before and after orthodontic treatment with upper 1st bicuspid extraction and DKHLs. The results were obtained as follows : 1. There were no statistically significant differences in skeletal measurement except SNB and PTFH between before- & after-treatment. The major changes were in dentoalveolar region. 2. After treatment, there were statistically significant decrease in dental measurement except interincisal angle. 3. Both upper & lower lip protrusion was decreased. 4. There were statistically differences in upper anterior crown horizontal & root vertical dimension(7.08 ${\pm}$ 2.14 mm, 2.38 ${\pm}$ 1.15 mm, p<0.01). 5. There were statistically differences in upper posterior dental(both crown & root) horizontal dimension(2.48 ${\pm}$ 0.99 mm, 2.05 ${\pm}$ 0.91 mm, p<0.01).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.4
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• pp.531-539
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• 2019

This study assessed the vitality of Carpinus laxiflora seeds stored for more than 15 years in order to discover optimal pre-treatment conditions for removingthe causes of seed dormancy and improving revitalization rate. Seeds were collected in October 2000 and stored at -18℃ for 16 years. Experiments to assess the revitalization ability of the seeds were performed under the following conditions: a controlled environment; in warm stratification (30 days at 23℃); in cold stratification (30 days at 4℃ andfor 30, 45, 60, and 120 days); gibberellin (GA₃) treatment (24 hours per day in GA₃ solutions of 100, 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg·L^-1); and both cold stratification and GA₃ treatment (30 days at 4℃, then in a GA₃ solution of 100, 500, and 1000 mg·L^-1 for 2 hours). The average germination percentage(GP) of untreated seeds was 2%, and the average GP of warm-stratification seeds was 10%. Cold-stratification seeds had the highest GP at 81% for the 45-day process, while the 120-day cold-stratification seeds had the lowest GP at 67.3%. The average GP of seeds treated with GA₃ ranged from 77% (100 mg·L^-1) to 99% (1000 mg·L^-1), indicatingsignificant differences between the treatment concentrations. The treatment effect of GA₃ was highest at 500 mg·L^-1 and 1000 mg·L^-1, and lowest at 100 mg·L^-1. The average GP of seeds treated with GA₃ following cold stratification was 68%, which was lower than the cold stratification-only (73.2%) and GA₃-only (88.4%) treatments. A comprehensive comparison of the seed germination characteristics according to the four treatments determined that a GA₃ 500 mg·L^-1 pre-treatment, with the highest average GP, was ideally suited to the revitalization of long-term stored C. laxiflora seeds. Consequently, C. laxiflora stored at -18℃ for 16 years indicated strong vitality and could be regenerated by proper pre-treatment.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.601-615
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• 1998

Establishing and evaluating science education policies and revising and monitoring the effectiveness of science curriculum should be based upon the results of systematic and scientific research studies. Advanced nations have already been administering and developing national level science assessments for these purposes. The science assessments administered in Korea have been reported having many limitations and problems, and not succeeded in providing data for science education policy making and curriculum reform. The major purpose of the study is developing national level science knowledge assessment system in order to identify longitudinal trends of elementary and secondary school students science knowledge achievements. The research team consisted of science education experts and teachers from various school levels, decided the directions and major elements of national level science knowledge assessment with the consultation of educational evaluation experts. Item developing ability of the researchers was improved by seminars? and workshops on national assessment in advanced nations and developing skills of writing science items. Nearly 500 items were developed and revised. Pilot test was administered with 958 students at various school levels. 380 items were selected and tested with 8766 students, and the characteristics were analyzed in terms of item response theory. The target populations for national level science knowledge assessment are 5th-grade of elementary school, 2nd-grade of middle school, 1st and 2nd-grade of high school students. The proper period for the assessment is February every year. Multi-stage clustered sampling method is desirable and rotated forms are recommendable for the test format. Bridge items should be introduced to compare the results of multiple tests, and various grades. Anchor items should also be used for longitudinal interpretations of the results. The items for elementary school require low to medium abilities, for middle school and first grade of high school require medium to high abilities and for 2nd-grade of high school high abilities. The discrimination ability of the items developed is high.