• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.446-452
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• 2010

Five year term study from 2002 to 2006 was carried out to examine the effects of continuous long-term application of swine liquid manure on soil chemical properties including heavy metal contents and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in a greenhouse. Treatments were conventional chemical fertilizers and three types of swine slurry; Slurry composting and biofiltration (SCB), Thermophilic aerobic oxidation (TAO), and Bio-mineral water (BMW). Total nitrogen level of the SCB, TAO, and BMW was 0.47%, 0.09%, and less than 0.01%, respectively. The heavy metal contents of the three liquid manures were much lower than the Korean regulation level. The soil phosphorus, potassium, and heavy metal contents after five year continuous application of swine slurry were not significantly higher than those of chemical fertilizer use. Contents of heavy metals in leaves of the crops did not show significant difference among treatments. The levels of copper and zinc, plant essential elements, in leaves were in the range of optimum plant growth. Yields of tomato and cucumber for swine liquid manures were not significantly different from that of chemical fertilizer. The results implied that the three types of swine slurry may not deteriorate soil chemical properties including phosphate and trace elements in greenhouse soils when they are applied as a basal fertilization at a recommended nitrogen rate based on soil testing.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.43-49
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• 2008

Objective of this study was to monitor the hydrogen sulfide production rate and concentration in anaerobic co-digestion of swine manure and food waste for biogas production in order to alternate the petroleum based energy. Anaerobic co-digestion for biogas production was performed in serum bottles at 2% volatile solids (VS) concentration and various mixing ratios of two substrates(swine manure: food waste = 100:0 ~ 0:100). Although hydrogen sulfide production rates were varied with digestion periods at different treatments, it was observed that hydrogen sulfide produced in the swine manure alone was lower at 2.4 fold than that of food waste. For effects of hydrogen sulfide concentration in the different mixing ratios of swine manure to food waste, the higher food waste ratio the higher hydrogen sulfide concentration. Also its average concentrations were varied from 0.1452% in the swine waste only to 0.3420% in the food waste alone. For the composition ratio of bio-gas in their anaerobic co-digestion, it appeared that there was 53.2% of $CH_4$, 23.9% of $CO_2$, 0.3% of $H_2S$ and 22.7% of miscellaneous gases including moisture.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.299-308
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• 2008

In this study, the effect of commercial organic growth medium amended with different ratios of vermicast on the growth of rice seedlings. The amended ratios of vermicast were 0% (control), 5%, 10%, 20% and 40%, respectively. A bioassay with two rice varieties (Chucheng and Black) was conducted to assesses the amendment effect of vermicast on the seedling growth in two potting methods. In potting treatment, the Chucheng variety with late maturity showed significantly higher values on growth parameters excepted root weight (RW) up to 20% and Black variety with early maturity up to 10% amended with vermicast, respectively. In floor layering treatment, all of the growth parameters significantly increased up to 5% amended with vermicast in both rice variety. The seedling growth of rice in floor layering treatment attained the highest values at lower amended ratios of vermicast than those of potting treated only, it may correspond with increased uptake of nutrient by elongated root grown under the layering amendment of vermicast. Vermicasts can be used as soil amendments or components of plant growth medium for seeding organic agriculture.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.29 no.6 s.107
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• pp.508-514
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the influences of aeration rates and temperatures on phosphorus transformation in the manure during treatment of swine manure in 15.3L batch reactor. The total phosphorus of raw manure was composed of $91.5\%$ of inorganic phosphorus and $8.5\%$ of organic phosphorus. During the experiment, inorganic phosphorus decreased from $91.5\%\;(385.7\;mg/L)\;to\;25.8-42.7\%\;(108.8-179.8\;mg/L)$ while organic phosphorus increased from $8.5\%\;(35.6\;mg/L)\;to\;57.3-74.2\%\;(241.5-312.5\;mg/L)$. The organic phosphorus was increased by the possible transformation of soluble inorganic phosphorus to poly-phosphate by the microbial uptake. However, soluble inorganic phosphorus was not decreased much during the experiment because the insoluble inorganic phosphorus was transferred to soluble inorganic phosphorus offsetting the microbial uptake. There was no significant difference in soluble inorganic proportion variance during the experiment among treatments for three liquid temperatures and three aeration levels. In terms of phosphorus transformation in the manure and energy consumption required for aeration, lower aeration was desirable fur the manure treatment.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 1999

This study was performed about composting in a batch reactor of laboratory scale using garbage waste and swine waste. Sawdust and coconut peat were materials to control optimum moisture, C/N ratio and specific gravity in the study. Comparing compost using only sawdust with compost using sawdust and coconut peat, the latter was higher at reduction rate and decomposition rate. Coconut peat was accelerated aerobic fermentation, because it had moisture holding ability, initial moisture was low, ventilation was good and control of optimum specific gravity was possible. Compost by only garbage waste was under standard of manure. but mixtures in same proportion of garbage waste and swine waste producted high quality compost. CEC value was average 63.8me/100g. The initial C/N ratio of compost was regulated effectively because of high C/N ratio of sawdust. As the C/N ratio(>40) was higher, reduction rate was higher. During the composting C/N ratio was improved more and more.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate evaporation rate of moisture per surface area and degradation rate of organic matter in full scale escalator reversing composting facility were analyzed to develope a computer program for the computation of an optimum volume of composting facility according to handling methods of swine farm, moisture levels of manure, degradation rate of organics and evaporation rate of moisture during composting. The obtained results can be followed as bellow; The temperature in full scale escalator reversing composting facility during composting reached $70^{\circ}C$ in 4 days and maintained until 11 days. Reduction rate of moisture and density was average 1.20% and 29.7%, respectively. Annual degradation rate of organic matter was 3.53%, showing lowest rate in winter as 3.23%. These seasonal degradation rate could be a factor to be considered for proper management and installation of composting facility. When computed with the amount of feces, urine, slurry and manure plus wastewater produced, the optimum volumes of composting facility for slurry and manure plus wastewater including each 95% moisture was $229m^3$ and $277m^3$, respectively, showing 21% ($48m^3$) difference.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.216-222
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• 1994

This study was conducted to obtain practical information on the efficient drying of animal manure under the sunny dry condition. The effects of the height of manure pile (5, 10, 15, and 20cm), stirring times (0, 1, 2, and 4 times/day), the addition of dried manure (30%, w/w), and the type of drying bed on the removal of water from fresh pig manure were investigated in a plastic house. Pig manure was dried very well by lowering the height of manure pile and the drying efficiency was the highest at 10cm height. Water evaporation rate was the greatest at the twice stirring per day treatment. The addition of dried manure as bulking material enhanced the water evaporation rate of wet pig manure. The amounts of water removed for 19 days under the condition of 10cm height of manure pile and twice-stirring in spring, summer, autumn and winter were 75.6, 73.3, 54.6 and $32.6kg/1.2m^2$, respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1978

The microbial and chemical changes, and characterization of the predominant acid-producing bacteria in the fermenting pig feces blended with corn meal at a ratio of 50：50 were studied. The fermentation was dominated by lactobacilli, which multiplied rapidly for the first 24 hours. The acid produced during the fermentation caused rapid pH drop to pH 4.5 and halted the growth of E. coli and yeast. The initial acid producing bacteria in the mixture was predominantly Streptococcus species, which were reduced in number rapidly. After 7 days of fermentation, three lactobacilli species were appeared L. acidophilus, L. fermenti, L. delbrueckii. Chemical changes during the fermentation were also studied. The lactic acid fermentation imparted a good tangy acid flavor to the corn-feces mixture by removing or covering the .fecal ordour and made the corn-feces mixture palatable for the animal as well as halted the unwanted microbial flora. We hope the lactic acid fermentation will replace the heat processing in the utilization of animal feces.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2008

The results of the research on the amount of water evaporation from composting facilities operated in swine farms are below. The number of swine per a farm was 1433 head/farm for a Simple Composting Facility (SCF) and 3500 head/farm for a Escalator composting facility(ECF) system. The capacities of the SCF and the ECF were $0.33m^3/head$ and $0.25m^3/head$, respectively. The ECF had 24.2% less capacity than the SCF. The average water contents in the swine manure for the CP and the ECF of the surveyed farms were 86.8% and 85.7%, respectively, which revealed the ECF had 1.3% less average water content than the SCF. Daily water inputs into the SCF and the ECF were $4.1kg/m^3/day$ and $6.5kg/m^3/day$, respectively. The ECF had approximately 36.9% higher water input than the SCF. Fermentation temperatures during the composting period for the SCF and the ECF were up to $45^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$, respectively. The decreases in water contents per each square meter for the SCF and the ECF were 3.7 kg and 5.2 kg, respectively. The ECF lost approximately 28.8% more water content than the ECF, which would be caused by the difference of fermentation temperature between two systems. Fertilizer components after composting were examined. Nitrogen contents of the SCF and the ECF were similar (0.84% and 0.86%, respectively) and ${P_2}{O_5}$ contents were 0.78% and 0.74%, respectively, showing the SCF had slightly higher content than the ECF. However, OM and OM/N did not show the difference between two systems. Hence, efforts to increase composting efficiency with considerations of the water content of swine manure, fermentation temperature, and water evaporation potential should be done when the SCF and the ECF were used in swine farms.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 1998

For the recycling of swine takes 2 different steps in fermenting procedure, acidogenic reactor and methanogenic reactor, the activity of involved microbes can be maintained at the maximum level. This study showed applying 2 separate steps in anaerobic fermentation has improved fermenting efficiency over the conventional 1 step fermentation. Accordingly, the results are coincident with the hypothesis in which 2 steps acidogenic and methanogenic reactor fermentation is more efficient than conventional (1 step) fermentation that makes poisonous materials be obviate and abate. And the results also get the effective performance in the production of methane gas.