• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate food preference and developmental characteristics of the gray field slug, $Deroceras$ $reticulatum$ M$\ddot{u}$ller (Stylommatophora: Limacidae) using various foods. The food preference of $D.$ $reticulatum$ was most highest on Chinese cabbage ($Brassica$ $campestris$ L., followed on cucumber ($Cucumis$ $sativus$ L.), and significantly low on beet ($Beta$ $vulgaris$ var. Ruba), kale($Brassica$ $oleracea$ L. var. $acephala$ D.C), carrot (Daucus carota L.) and Chinese cabbage ($Brassica$ $campestris$ L.) which were not different significantly. The total number of eggs laid by $D.$ $reticulatum$ was the highest (n = 109.6) on cucumber and the lowest (n = 10.1) on leaf perilla ($Perilla$ $frutescens$ var. $japonica$ Hara). Hatchability was the highest (92.4%) on cucumber and the lowest (62.5%) on leaf perilla. The egg developmental period was not significantly different from 12 days to 13 days among host plants. Juvenile period and adult longevity ranged from 75 days to 111 days and 66 days to 187 days, respectively. Thereby, life span from egg to adult longevity of $D.$ $reticulatum$ was the longest on cucumber with 273 days and the shortest on 190 days on leaf perilla.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.25 no.4 s.69
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• pp.201-207
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• 1986

This study was conducted to investigate the host plants in greenhouse, developmental periods at different temperatures and distribution patterns on cucumber of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum(TV) in $1984{\sim}1985$. Host plants of 39 species belonging 27 families only in the greenhouse were recorded in 1984. Longevity of adult was 26.8 days and number of eggs per female was 305 eggs at $25^{\circ}C$. The eggs, larval and pupal periods were 8.2, 8.3, 7.5 days respectively at $25^{\circ}C$. The threshold temperature of development from egg to larva was $8.8^{\circ}C$. Survival rates from eggs to adults at $22^{\circ}C,\;25^{\circ}C,\;30^{\circ}C$ were 70.3%, 58.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Adults and eggs were found only on the apical leaves of cucumber plants within 40 days after transplanting. On the other hand, larva distributed on the middle leaves and pupa on the lower leaves.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.385-392
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• 2007

This research was carried out to develop economical artificial diets of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.). Diets were mixed with malt or sugar instead of whole honey for cheaper ones. fecundity, developmental period, pupation rate, emergence rate and adult longevity of G. mellonella depending on diet were examined. The head width and length of larvae were not significantly different among diets tested. However, the weight of larva was the heaviest, 255.5 mg, at 1/2 honey + 1/2 malt diet and lightest, 144.3 mg, at sugar diet. The weight of pupa was also the heaviest at 1/2 honey + 1/2 malt representing 196.7 mg. Larval period was the shortest at honey diet as 30.9 days but the longest at sugar diet as 36.5 days. Pupation and emergence rates were over 79.3% at all diets. The longevity of mated females was ranged from 6.3 to 8.0 days and those of mated males ranged from 7.9 to 11.2 days. The highest number of eggs, 1269, was obtained at sugar diet. Artificial diets replaced by rice bran, malt, and sucrose reduced costs compared with wheat bran plus honey diet. The cost of rice bran was only 10% of wheat bran. Honey was much more expensive than malt and sugar, that is 6 and 13 times, respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.4 s.141
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• pp.293-298
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• 2005

The embryonic and postembryonic developments of Pierodorus hybneri Linnaeus were observed in 5 different rearing cages such as A (Cylindrical, 10 cm in diameter, height of 4 cm), B (Cylindrical, 14.5 cm in diameter, height of 2.8 cm), C (Rectangle, 6.5 by 6.5 cm in $length{\times}breadth$, height of 10 cm), D (Cylindrical, 9 cm in bottom diameter, 11.5 cm in upper diameter, height of 10.8 cm) and E (Cylindrical, 15 cm in diameter, height of 7.5 cm) containing soybean and peanut seeds as feeding food, and sponge-water container under laboratory condition of $24^{\circ}C$ and 16L:8D. Egg duration was 6 days regardless of rearing cages. Hatchability ranged from 63 to 80% with the highest in B (14.5 cm in diameter, 2.8 cm in height) rearing cage. Instar duration was longer from 5 days in 1st instar to about 11 days in 5th instar. Nymphal duration showed 35 to 36 days with'3ut significant difference in rearing cages. Percent emergence was in range from 65 to 82% with the highest in B rearing cage. Adult longevity was 35 to 83 days for male, and 32 to 79 days for female, and was the longest in B rearing cage. Total number of eggs laid by female adult was in range from 38 to 86 with significant difference in rearing cages, and was the most in B rearing cage. Accordingly, the reproductive rate of P. hybneri for 1 generation was within 17 to 56 times, and was the highest in B rearing cage. Therefore, it could be concluded that B cage is most suitable for stable rearing of P. hybneri under laboratory condition.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.84-88
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• 2008

Purpose : Radiotherapy is effective in local treatment for retinoblastoma. However, asymmetric facial hypoplasia after radiation is a serious late effect. This study was performed to investigate the effects of enucleation and chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy in advanced intraocular and intraorbital retinoblastoma. Methods : Between 1985 October and 2006 December, the records of thirty five patients who were diagnosed as retinoblastoma at Yeungnam University Hospital were reviewed. Advanced intraocular and intraorbital retinoblastoma patients classified as Reese-Ellsworth group III, IV, and V and Grabowski- Abramson class II were selected for the study. Results : Eighteen patients were enrolled in this study. All patients were enucleated and had received chemotherapy. Nine patients received radiotherapy and nine patients didn't receive radiotherapy. Tumor cells were found on resection margin of optic nerve in five of nine patients who received radiotherapy, but none of nine who didn't receive radiotherapy. Chemotherapy included vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, VM-26, cisplatin before 2001, and vincristine, etoposide, and carboplatin after 2001. There were no recurrences or metastases in nine patients who didn't receive radiotherapy. But two of nine patients who received radiotherapy had metastases to brain. However, all survivors who received radiotherapy had significant facial asymmetry. Conclusion : In advanced intraocular and intraorbital retinoblastoma without tumor cell on resection margin of optic nerve, enucleation and chemotherapy without local radiotherapy appears to be safe for long-term survival. However, in those with tumor cells on resection margin of optic nerve, enucleation and chemotherapy with local radiotherapy seems to be necessary to improve survival.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2010

The bean bug, Riptortus clavatus Thunberg (Hemiptera: Alydidae), is a pest of soybeans and tree fruits. It enters reproductive diapause during winter. We studied the effect of different combinations of temperature, day length, and treatment period on the termination of diapause in R. clavatus using adult females collected in October and November 2006. Ovarian development was used to determine diapause termination. The treatments were: (1) HTLD; $25^{\circ}C$, 14L:10D treatment for 1, 2, 3 weeks and 30 days, (2) HTSD; $25^{\circ}C$, 10L:14D treatment for 1, 2, and 3 weeks, (3) LTLD; $8^{\circ}C$, 14L:10D treatment for 1, 2, and 3 weeks followed by HTLD for 3 weeks, and (4) LTSD; $8^{\circ}C$, 10L:14D treatment for 1, 2, and 3 weeks followed by HTLD for 3 weeks. The HTSD treatments did not affect ovarian development, and resulted in no significant difference in the number of mature eggs in ovaries or the percentage of diapause-terminated females compared to the control females before treatment. The percentage of females that terminated diapause was significantly higher in the HTLD treatment than in the HTSD treatment. The HTLD treatment for more than 14 days increased the percentage of diapause-terminated females, accelerated the development of the ovaries, and increased the number of mature eggs in ovaries. Compared with the HTLD or HTSD treatments, the LTLD or LTSD treatments followed by the HTLD treatment accelerated ovarian development and increased the number of ovipositing females. The pre-LTSD treatment for 1 week was enough to increase the number of eggs oviposited.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.541-546
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• 2009

The egg size and weight of the gray field slug, Deroceras reticulatum Muller, was $1.91{\times}2.19$ mm and 3.3 mg at $24^{\circ}C$, respectively. Its weight increased from newly laid eggs to adults for 17 weeks at four temperature regimes and was heaviest at $20^{\circ}C$, followed by 24, 16 and $28^{\circ}C$. Likewise, hatching rate of the egg batches was highest with 95% at $20^{\circ}C$, followed by 24, 16 and $28^{\circ}C$ with significant differences. The number of eggs in the batches was increased with 20 at $20^{\circ}C$ while it was only 10 at $28^{\circ}C$. The average accumulated egg-laying days was longest with 15 days at $20^{\circ}C$ while shortest with 9 days at $24^{\circ}C$. The range of egg-laying period was shortest with 84-134 days at $16^{\circ}C$ and longest at $20^{\circ}C$. Thus, the total number of eggs laid by adult D. reticulatum was highest with 217 at $20^{\circ}C$ and lowest with 105 at $16^{\circ}C$. The egg period was 12-19 days while the juvenile period and adult longevity were 51-68 days and 85-134 days, respectively. The life span of D. reticulatum from egg to adult was longest with 216 days at $20^{\circ}C$, followed by 193 days at $24^{\circ}C$, 170 days at $16^{\circ}C$ and 151 days at $28^{\circ}C$. Accordingly, the most favorable temperature for the oviposition, development and longevity of D. reticulatum is $20^{\circ}C$.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 1986

In order to observe the growth and development of Fibricola seoulensis metacercariae, the tadpoles of Rana nigromaculata were experimentally infected with the cercariae. The meta cercariae of various developmental stages were recovered from the tadpoles after 2 to 65 days of infection. They were prepared for morphological observation, and were given orally to mice to observe their infectivity. The following results were obtained. 1. All of the tadpoles exposed to the cercariae were observed to harbour the larvae in their abdominal cavity. 2. The young metacercariae of 2 days after infection were $121.1{\mu}m$ long and $63.3{\mu}m$ wide. They grew linearly for the first 14 days to be $262.0{\mu}m$ long and $166.4{\mu}m$ wide. Thereafter, no more growth recognized until 65 days. 3. The larvae of 2 days old were similar with cercarial body and had 2 suckers, a pharynx, 2 ceca and a primordium of germ cells but no tribocytic organ. On the 8th day, they had tribocytic organ, and their morphology resembled that of mature metacercariae. 4. The metacercariae younger than 10 days could not infect the mice. Only the metacercariae older than 14 days had infectivity. The recovery rates increased by the age of metacercariae from 19.0% in 14 days old to 70.0% in 40 days old. Above findings indicate that the tadpole is indispensable for metacercarial development and it needs at least 2 weeks for maturation. The tadpole is a pivotal host in the life cycle of F. seoulensis for connection between the snail and the frog.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.586-593
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the biological characteristics of Phanuromyia ricaniae (Hemiptera: Platygastroidea), an egg parasitoid of Ricania sp. (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) as a biological control agent to control Ricania sublimata. The developmental period of P. ricaniae was 3.8 days for eggs, 11.1 days for larvae, and 16.3 days for pupae at 25℃, and 3.4 days for eggs, 7.8 days for larvae, and 15.3 days for pupae at 30℃. Except for the larval stage, the developmental periods were not significantly different, but the egg-to-pupa period at 30℃ was significantly shorter than that at 25℃. P. ricaniae emerged at the photophase in 24 hours, but not at the scotophase. A higher emergence rate (34.5%) was seen from 10:00 to 12:00 after the lights were turned. The female-to-male ratio of P. ricaniae was 3:1. The longevity of P. ricaniae adults was 49.0 days for females and 44.0 days for males at 20℃, 27.6 days for females and 28.4 days for males at 25℃, and 18 days for females and 14.0 days for males at 30℃. Its longevity at a low temperature (20℃) was longer than that at higher temperatures (25 and 30℃). Adult females laid eggs during all days except from 00:00-02:00 (scotophase time). The ovipositional distribution rate was 26.1% from 20:00 to 22:00, which was the peak, and the next peak was 15.7% at 10:00 to 12:00. P. ricaniae showed arrhenotokous parthenogenesis in which unfertilized eggs develop into males. Therefore, the results suggest that P. ricaniae may be a biological control agent for R. sublimata.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2010

A study was conducted to examine the effect of the castration time on growth, meat quality and fatty acid composition of Korean black goats. Forty five male kids were divided into five groups, including control (without castration) and four groups with the kids castrated at 0.5, 3, 5 and 7 months of age, respectively. Average daily body weight gain (ADG) for control was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the castrated groups. ADG did not differ between the castrated groups. The ADG of the male kids castrated at 3 and 5 months of age tended to be higher than the other castrated groups. Dressing percentage for 0.5 months-castrated group was higher than 7 months-castrated group. Retail cut percentages for control was higher (P<0.05) than others, but the retail cut percentages did not differ between the castrated groups. Compared with control, higher fat percentages of carcasses appeared in the castrated groups (P<0.05). The fat percentages gradually increased in earlier castrated animals. As castrated earlier, moisture contents tended to decrease, whereas crude protein and fat contents tended to increase. The different castration time did not affect physical properties of goat meat (shear force, cooking loss, and water holding capacity). Results from panel tests showed that juiciness or tenderness of meats for 5 months-castrated group tended to be higher than those for the other groups. The flavor of meatfor 7-months castrated group appeared to be more favorable compared with 0.5- or 3-months castrated groups (P<0.05). The proportion of saturated fatty acid in meat washigher for 5-months castrated group and lower for 3-months castrated group as compared to the other castrated groups, whereas the proportion of unsaturated fatty acid was vice versa (P<0.05). Mono-unsaturated fatty acid contents did not differ between thecastrated groups. Present results indicatedthat castration at 3 or 5 months of age increased growth performance and meat quality of Korean black goats.