• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.67-81
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• 1998

Objective：There is increasing interest in the developmental relationship of parental psychopathology and parenting behavior and conduct disorder in adolescence. The object of this study is to investigate the role of parental rearing behaviors in influencing conduct disorder in adolescence comparing with normal adolescents. Methods：The author assessed 52 conduct disorder who met the DSM-Ⅳ criteria, and 144 normal control subjects using self-report questionnaires, 'The Parental Rearing Behavior Scale'. Results：The results of study were as follows：1) There is significant correlation between the conduct disorder group and the control group in the father’s anxious emotion subscale, not mother’s. 2) There is no significant correlation between the conduct Disorder group and the control group in other subscales such as affection, hostility, rational guideline and consistent limitation subscales. Conclusion：The results suggest that father’s psychopathology including overanxious parenting style will predispose a risk factor for conduct disorder than mother’s psychopathology.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.338-346
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• 2016

This study was conducted to develop a health education program to help mother's cope with developmentally disabled children's health, and to test the effects of the program. The contents of the health education program were based on the results of a discussion with experts and previous studies. The program consisted of two parts, physical health and psychosocial health, which were measured over 4 weeks. The results of the study showed that the program helped mothers improve the level of health care and reduce parenting stress level. These findings suggest that studies for handicapped children's health should be conducted in the future using an interdisciplinary approach.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.159-174
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• 2019

Objective: The study wanted to find out what changes the mother, who is the main parent of the severely disabled children, experienced in their lives through the use of day hospitals and child care services, and what difficulties they had, and discussed policy practical improvements that could satisfy both the medical and developmental needs of the severely disabled. Methods: The participants of the study were 9 mothers of a child with severe disabilities who had experience using hospitals and kindergarten. They were recruited by snowball sampling method. Focus group interview and individual interview were conducted. Results: As a result of the analysis, the mother of severely handicapped child gradually began to seek the balance of life as her child grew and became aware of the institution other than the day hospital. - (e.g) Although I was distracted and worried for the first time, I was gradually adjusting to the time away from my child thinking positively. Children with severe disabilities were also positively influenced by various experiences. They become to show som positive behavior or feeling such as brightening facial expressions or smile as they were using daycare centers or kindergartens in addition to daytime hospitals. Conclusion/Implications: Through the results of this study, comprehensive policy proposals on child care, welfare, and medical care were discussed.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.75-91
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• 2013

This study is focused on the amount of time spent on child care by mothers with preschool children with developmental disabilities. It is designed to find out how much time mothers spend taking care of their children and to identify related factors. The subjects of this study are 162 mothers of children with developmental disabilities residing in Seoul. The findings are as follows: First, mothers with preschool children with developmental disabilities spent 6 hours and 50 minutes per day caring for their children during weekdays and 6 hours and 10 minutes on weekend days. This is double the amount of time spent by the average mother with preschool children. Second, mothers spent much more time caring for their disabled children than they do for their children without disabilities. Third, determinants of a mother's time for caring their disabled child during weekdays were mother's employment, the number of children, and gender of the disabled child. On weekend days, determinants of mother's care time were the number of children and husband's help for childrearing.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.153-175
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of care burden among mothers of children with developmental disabilities on depression and the moderating effects of formal and informal social support. Method: The self-report questionnaires were administered to 200 mothers of children with developmental disabilities (aged 6~20 years) in pre-adulthood in Gyeongi-do. A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted. Result: First, There is a need to provide a mental health program that can relieve depression. Second, Individualized intervention strategies for mothers' psychological counseling and support programs for intensive case management and parenting stress management programs are needed. Third, Individual visit case management is required. In addition, it is necessary to expand the eligibility for care services and to maintain long-term programs. Conclusion: The findings suggested that there is a need to provide mothers with not only personal assistance program but also services such as mothers' psychological counseling, peer mentor program, and parenting stress management.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.183-189
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• 1994

1970년 이후 우리나라는 산업화로 인하여 사회구조와 가정구조가 크게 변화 되었다. 도시집중화로 인한 각종 공해 발생, 교통난, 인구이동의 문제를 비롯하여 그리고 핵가족화로 인한 가부장적 권위상실 및 가정교육부재, 청소년 비행등 수 많은 문제가 야기되었다. 특히 핵가족화로 발생된 심각한 사회문제는 전통윤리의 붕괴와 가정교육의 부재현상을 발생 시켰다. 이와같은 문제발생에 관한 선행연구를 종합해보면 첫째, 핵가족화로 인해 발생한 가족규모의 축소현상으로 자녀들의 다면적 인격형성에 결손을 초래하여 성장후 독립심과 의지가 약하고 고집이 세며 이기적이고 자기중심적인 성향이 되어 사회생활에 부적응 현상을 초래하게 되었다고 한다. 그 이유는 다면적 인간관계의 결여로 상호 협조하고 사랑을 교환한 경험 부족과 외동자녀에 대한 부모의 관심이 자녀의 욕구에만 집중되어 자녀종속적인 태도가 크게 적용하였기 때문이다. 둘째는 산업화 사회에서의 부부동시 사회참여가 자녀양육에 어머니와의 애착형성이 결여되어 모성실조를 겪게 된 문제를 들 수 있다. 어머니와 자녀간의 애착형성이 결여 됨으로 발생되는 문제는 지적 정체현상과 정서발달의 장애가 주 원인이 되어 감정 통제력이 약해서 공격적 행동이나 반 사회적 행동으로 확대되어 청소년문제 발생의 원이 되고 있음을 시사하고있다. 세째로 산업화사회와 경쟁력 조장을 들 수 있다. 산업사회를 개방사회, 경재력사회 혹은 능력사회라하여 고학력위주의 선발형태가 입시경쟁을 부추기고 있으며 그에 따라 많은 청소년들과 학부모들이 상위 지향적인 심리가 작용하여 자녀들의 입시경쟁에만 집중하게 되었다. 이러한 원인으로 인하여 인간교육 즉 가정교육을 외면하여 반도덕적, 반사회적 문제를 야기하게 하였다. 특히 전통적 가정윤리가 붕괴되어 부모에 대한 효관의 약화, 부부간의 애정약화 및 물질지향적인 사고가 이혼률을 증가시켜 가정붕괴를 가져왔다. 이상에서 논의된 자녀교육의 부재가 자녀들의 지적 정서적 문제로 확대되어 산업화사회의 모순점을 노출시키고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이와같은 문제를 해결하기 위한 대안으로 연구자가 제시하는 방안은 훌륭한 가정교육을 위해서 우선되어야 하는것은 부모자신의 인격적 개인완성을 제안하였다. 인격의 완성은 양심과 행동이 일체하는 사람을 지칭한다. 다음은 서로 위하여 사는 삶을 영위하는 인격체가 되어 양심의 법에 따르는 삶, 타인을 위하여 사는 삶을 자녀들에게 보여줌으로서 반두라의 모델링 교육을 제안하였다. 마지막으로 오늘날과 같은 암기위주의 경쟁교육이 아니라 타고난 잠재성 개발에 주력하는 교육으로, 적성과 소질을 개발하는 창조적 산 교육장을 마련하여 주고 또한 그것을 뒷바침하는 가정윤리교육의 회복이 무엇보다도 이 시대가 절실히 요구하는 바람직한 교육이라 하겠다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 1996

In adolescence, the symptoms of depression are more various and different from those of adult. Conduct behaviours are frequently represented in adolescent's depression. The patients who have the depression and conduct disorder are defined as depressive condor disorder in ICD-10. We hypothesized that there might be different parental rearing patterns between the patients with depression alone and the depressive conduct disorder. We applied children's depression inventory (CDI), parental rating form for conduct disorder based on DSM-III-R, and parental bonding instrument (PBI) to patients and normal control adolescent group. The results were as follows : 1) There were no significant differences in severity of depressive symptoms, maternal care, maternal overprotection, and paternal care. 2) Paternal overprotection showed significant higher scores in depressive conduct disorder group than depression group and normal control group. 3) There were positive correlations in the severity of depressive symptoms and behavior problems in all subjects. 4) There were no correlations in maternal care and overprotecion with conduct problems, but with depressive symptoms in all subject. 4) There were no correlations in paternal care with conduct problems and depressive symptoms in all subjects. 5) There were significant correlations in patienral overprotective, intrusive attitudes with conduct problems, not with depressive symptoms in all subjects.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.12-25
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• 2003

Objectives：As increasing number of new antidepressants have been being introduced in clinical practice, pharmacological understanding has been broadened. These changes mandate new information and theories to be incorporated into the treatment process of children with depressive disorders. In light of newly coming knowledge, this review intended to recapitulate the characteristics of new antidepressants and to consider the pivotal issues to develope guidelines for the treatment of depression in childhood and adolescence. Methods：Searching the Pub-Med online database for the articles with the key words of 'new', 'antidepressants' and 'children' ninety-seven headings of review articles were obtained. The author selected the articles of pertinent subjects in terms of either treatment guideline or psychopharmacology of new antidepressants. When required, articles about the clinical effectiveness of individual antidepressants were separatedly searched. In addition, the safety information of new antidepressants was acquired by browsing the official sites of the United States Food and Drugs Administration and Department of Health and Human Services. Results：1) For the clinical course, treatment phase, and treatment outcome, the reviews or treatment guidelines adopted the information from adult treatment guidelines. 2) Systematic and critical reviews unambiguously concluded that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) excelled tricyclic antidepressants( TCAs) for both efficacy and side effect profiles, and were recommend for the first-line choice for the treatment of children with depressive disorders. 3) New antidepressants generally lacked treatment experiences and randomized controlled clinical trials. 4) SSRIs and other new antidepressants, when used together, might result in pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic drug-to-drug interaction. 5) The difference of the clinical effectiveness of antidepressants between children and adults should be addressed from developmental aspects, which required further evidence. Conclusion：Treatment guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of childhood and adolescence depression could be constructed on the basis of clinical trial findings and practical experiences. Treatment guidelines are to best serve as the frame of reference for a clinician to make reasonable decisions for a particular therapeutic situation. In order to fulfill this role, guidelines should be updated as soon as new research data become available.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.701-705
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• 2005

Purpose : Parents' genetic information plays an important role in their children's genetic expression. Human chromosome has 23-paternal chromosomes and 23-maternal chromosomes. Parental chromosomal translocation can induce clinical problems in their children because of imbalance in genetic information. We intent to analyze the cytogenentic and clinical features about children with maternal balanced translocation between chromosome 15 and 18. Methods : We detected by one family's FISH study of chromosome 15. We have evaluated children born to clinically normal parents about peripheral bood analysis, endocrine, metabolic, radiologic study, electroencephalogram and social & intelligence scale. and We analysis their clinical manifestation by hospital records. Results : Patient's father and elder sister are normal clinically and genetically. Her mother's chromosome show balanced translocation, 46, XX, t(15;18)(p11.2;p11.3). One child has 46, XX, der(18) t(15;18)(p11.2;p11.3), mental retardation, growth retardation, speech & social developmental delay, recurrent infection and mild mitochondria dysfunction. Her young brother has 46, XY, der(15) t(15;18) (p11.2;p11.3), mental retardation, aggressive behavior, obesity and speech developmental delay. Conclusion : In this study we observed the children with developmental delay, dysmorphic facial features, mental retardation, growth retardation associated with growth hormone deficiency and aggressive behavior due to unbalanced translocation between chromosome 15 and 18.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2004

We reviewed four types of Attachment intervention, 1) programs that seek to enhance sensitivity, 2) programs designed to alter parents' representations, 3) programs that provide and enhance social support, and 4) programs designed to enhance maternal mental health and well-being, and Project STEEP(Steps Toward Effective and Enjoyable Parenting). We have learned from the these studies that the emotional sensitivity and responsivity are very important factors for the development and treatment of Attachment relationships and the needs of the parents should also be addressed. Our recommendation for future attachment intervention is to design programs 1) that have the flexibility to meet participants' needs, 2) that involve other important people in the participants' lives, 3) that focus on fostering individual strengths, 4) that begin early, and 5) that are intensive and sufficiently long.