• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.273-302
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• 2006

The introduction of cash payments for care is a distinct trend that characterizes changes in care policies since the 1990s. Recently, many developed countries have newly introduced or extended cash payments for care that allow care users to be able to plan themselves for their cares instead of receiving direct care services from the state. Cash payments for care can be said to be one of the alternative policies by which user choices are extended, and it becomes possible to establish demand-cantered care delivery systems more economically and effectively, hence addressing the issue of the financial limitations and rigid systems that are common in modern welfare states, which make it difficult to response to various needs. However, the design and administration of cash for care vary across different countries. Such variations of cash for care policies influence on the combination of consumerism (based on liberal market values intrinsic in the care market) and citizenship based on social solidarity. Those variations eventually produce impacts on the balance of responsibilities and the roles of families, the state and market regarding care in other words, balancing of welfare pluralism. This paper has attempted to find general meanings and particularity of cash for care polices in modem welfare states by means of looking at the characteristics of cash for care policies of four different countries (Netherlands, France, Germany and Italy) and their impacts on their care market. If the four countries are ranked by the degree that they emphasize citizenship in light with social rights, the Netherlands, France, Germany and Italy could be placed in due order. From an economic point of view and in terms of cost containment, those countries will be placed in an inverse order, It is apparent that in the course of planting cash for care policies in the existing social systems involving different socio-cultural conditions and labour markets, sometimes more emphasis is placed on the citizenship of care users, family carers and care providers than on cost containment issue, and sometimes vice versa. Behind this lies the process of different social valuation on what care is about; who can better deliver care; who should be responsible for care; how responsibilities should be shared and so on.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.171-181
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• 2001

Background : Angiogenesis is an essential process for the growth and metastatic ability of solid tumors. One of the key factors known to be capable of stimulating tumor angiogenesis is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The serum VEGF concentration has been shown to be a useful parameter related to the clinical features and prognosis of lung cancer and has been recently applied to a the malignant pleural effusion showing a correlation with the biochemical parameters. The VEGF has been shown to play a role in the inflammatory diseases, but rarely in the tuberculosis (TB). The serum and pleural fluid VEGF levels were measured in patients with lung cancer and TB. Their relationship with the clinical and laboratory parameters and repeated measurement 3 months after various anticancer treatments were evaluated to assess the utility of the VEGF as a tumor marker. Methods : Using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the VEGF conoentration was measured in both sera and pleural effusions collected from a total of 85 patients with lung cancer, 13 patients with TB and 20 healthy individuals. Results : The serum VEGF levels in patients with lung cancer ($619.9{\pm}722.8pg/ml$) were significantly higher than those of healthy controls ($215.9{\pm}191.1pg/ml$), However, there was no significant difference between the VEGF levels in the lung cancer and TB patients. The serum VEGF levels were higher in large cell and undifferentiated carcinoma than in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The serum VEGF levels of lung cancer patients revealed no significant relationship with the various clinical parameters. The VEGF concentrations in the malignant effusion ($2,228.1{\pm}2,103.0pg/ml$) were significantly higher than those in the TB effusion ($897.6{\pm}978.8pg/ml$). In the malignant pleural effusion, the VEGF levels revealed significant correlation with the number of red blood cells (r=0.75), the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)(r=0.70), and glucose concentration (r=-0.55) in the pleural fluid. Conclusion : The serum VEGF levels were higher in the lung cancer patients. The VEGF levels were more elevated in the malignant pleural effusion than in the tuberculous effusion. In addition, the VEGF levels in the pleural fluid were several times higher than the matched serum values suggesting a local activation and possible etiologic role of VEGF in the formation of malignant effusions. The pleural VEGF levels showed a significant correlation with the numbers of red blood cells, LDH and glucose concentrations in the pleural fluid, which may represent the tumor burden.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.728-735
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• 1996

Background : Recognition and ingestion of opsonized microorganisms by neutrophils induces the burst of oxidative metabolic activity. Products of the respiratory burst activity provide powerful oxygen dependent killing mechanism. Measurement of respiratory burst activity has been a major indicator of the functional capacity of neutrophils. We determined the respiratory burst activity of neutrophils in patients with pneumonia and observed the changes during the clinical course of pneumonia. Methods: The EDTA blood was drawn from 24 normal controls and same numbers of pneumonia patients. The respiratory burst activity(with the production of $H_2O_2$ which changes nonfluorescent DCF-DA to green fluorescent DCF) in the non-stimulated state and the stimulated state with fMLP and PMA of neutrophils was measured by flowcytometry at day 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 of admission. Results: The respiratory burst activity of neutrophils was mildly increased by stimulation with fMLP. But there was no statistical significance between normal control and patients with pneumonia. The respiratory burst activity of neutrophils was markedly increased by stimulation with PMA in both groups. There was a significant difference in response to PMA between normal control and patients with pneumonia. The production of hydrogen peroxide from neutrophils was decreased during early course of pneumonia and it was recuperated gradually to normal level in 9 days. Conclusion : Hydrogen peroxide production from neutrophils was suppressed during early course of pneumonia and restored after treatment. It is suggested that the production of oxygen radical in response to PMA stimulation from each neutrophils is decreased rather than increased during the early course of pneumonia.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.210-215
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of four water temperatures (10, 15, 20, and $25^{\circ}C$) in combination with three photoperiods (24L:0D, 12L: 12D, and OL:24D) on the oxygen consumption rate of juvenile dark-banded rockfish, Sebastes inermis (mean body weight $20.5{\pm}0.7g$). The oxygen consumption rates of S. inermis were measured in triplicate for 24 hours using a continuous flow-through respirometer. Different combinations of water temperatures and photoperiods resulted in significant differences in the mean oxygen consumption rate of S. inermis (P<0.001). The oxygen consumption increased with increasing water temperatures for all photoperiod treatments (P<0.01). Mean oxygen consumption rates at 10, 15,20 and $25^{\circ}C$ ranged $178.3\sim283.5,\;386.7\sim530.7,\;529.2\sim754.3$ and $590.0\sim785.5mg\;O_2kg^{-1}h^{-1}$, respectively. $Q_{10}$ values ranged $3.17\sim5.51$ between 10 and $15^{\circ}C,\;1.87\sim2.10$ between 15 and $20^{\circ}C$ and $1.08\siml.24$ between 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. Fish held in continuous darkness (OL:24D) used consistently less okygen than fish exposed to continuous light (P<0.05). The mean oxygen consumption offish in a 12L:12D photoperiod was higher than that offish in 24L:0D and 0L:24D photoperiods under all temperature treatments except $10^{\circ}C$. The oxygen consumption of fish exposed to the 12L:12D photoperiod was significantly higher during the light phase than during the dark phase under all temperature treatments except $10^{\circ}C\;(P<0.05)$. This study provides empirical data for estimating oxygen consumption of S. inermis under given condition. This result has application for culture management and bioenergetic model for growth of this species.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 1996

This study was done to investigate the enzyme-histochemical localization and characteristics of alkaline and acid phosphatase related with metabolism in sparganum and adult of Spirometrn erinacei. By the enzyme-histochemical assay, the alkaline and acid phosphatases were localized in the tegument and subtegumental musculature of sparganum and adult, but not in the parenchyma. The activities of alkaline phosphatase were stronger in the tegument than in the subtegumental musculature, and activities of acid phosphatase were stronger in the tegument of adults than those of sparganum. The 2 isozymes of alkaline and acid phosphatases were separated from s-sparganum (from snake) and r-sparganum (from experimentaly infected rats) respectively but 4 isozymes of Alp and 3 isoxymes of Acp were separated from adult worms by electrophoresis. In isogyme Alp, the 661)a was the common isozyme, but 130 kDa isozyme of Acp was the common isozyme in spargana and adult worms. By isoelectrofocusing, 4 isozymes (PI 7.9, 7.7, 6.5 and 6.3) and 2 isozymes (PI 7.9 and 7.7) of alkaline phosphatase were separated from adults and spargana respectively. In the stability against heat, activity of alkaline phosphatase was denatured perfectly after heating at 90℃ for 40 seconds. The optimum pH and temperature for activity of alkaline phosphatase were about pH 10 and 50℃, respectively. The maximum activity (unit) of alkaline phosphatase was 22.0 in s- sparganum,25.0 in r-sparganum and 215.0 in adult worms, so that the maximum activity was revealed higher in adults than spargana. As the result from above, we observed that alkaline and acid phosphatases were functioned mainly in the tegument and subtegumental musculature , and the isoxymes of phosphatase were activated differently according to habitat of the parasites. The spargana and adult worms carry out the pafasitism by adapting thenlselves to parasitic circumstance loth these emxymes.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2006

In this study, the feasibility of simultaneous removal of organic materials and nitrogen in the waste-water from fisheries processing plant was evaluated using entrapped mixed microbial cell technique(EMMC) process. The experiment was performed using activated sludge from municipal sewage treatment plant which was immobilized with gel matrix by cellulose triacetate. It was found that the stable operation at the treatment system which is composed of anoxic and oxic tank, was possible when the organic and nitrogen loading rates were increased stepwise. The organic and nitrogen loading rates were applied from 0.65 to $1.72kgCOD/m^3/d$ and from 0.119 to $0.317kgT-N/m^3$ with four steps, respectively. The maximum nitrogen loading rate which could satisfy the regulated effluent standard of nitrogen concentration, was $0.3kgT-N/m^3/d$. The removal efficiency of total nitrogen was decreased apparently as increasing nitrogen loading rates, whereas the removal efficiency of ammonium nitrogen was effective at the all tested nitrogen loading rates. Therefore, it was concluded that nitrification was efficient at the system. Nitrate removal efficiency ranged from 98.62% to 99.51%, whereas the nitrification efficiency at the oxic tank ranged 94.0% to 96.9% at the tested loading rates. The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and those of total nitrogen at the entire system ranged from 94.2% to 96.6% and 73.4% to 83.4%, respectively.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.568-573
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the analgesic effects on the oral cavity in dogs which are treated with xylazine and electroacupuncture (EA). Furthermore, this study aims to find out its effects on glucose (GLU), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) variation values, vital signs (rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate) and pain responses to the noxious stimuli. Eight healthy dogs were randomly assigned to receive either xylazine or EA. Xylazine group dogs with weight of 3.6${\pm}$1.0 kg received 1.5 mg/kg of xylazine intramuscularly. EA group dogs with weight of 3.9${\pm}$1.0 kg received 1 volt (10-15 hz) for 5 minutes, and then 1-9 Volts (25-30 hz) for 60 minutes totally. The acupoints used were LI-3 (San Jian), LI-4 (He Gu) and ST-7 (Xia Guan). All dogs were examined before and 10, 25, 40, 55 and 120 minutes after administration of xylazine or EA. The mean rectal temperatures of the EA group were significantly higher than those of xylazine group after 25, 40 and 55 minutes (p < 0.05). The mean heart rates of the EA group were significantly higher than those of xylazine group after 10, 25, 40 and 55 minutes (p < 0.05). The mean respiratory rates of the EA group were significantly higher than those of xylazine group after 55 and 120 minutes (p < 0.05). The mean GLU concentration of the EA group were significantly lower than those of xylazine group after 55 and 120 minutes (p < 0.05). The sum of mean pain scores (SMPS) of the EA group were significantly higher than those of xylazine group after 10, 25 40 and 55 minutes (p < 0.05). In this study, the pain control of the EA group was shown to be better than that of the xylazine group. Also, there do not appear to be any negative physiologic effects associated with acupuncture-induced surgical analgesia. So, it was considered that these acupoints of EA analgesia might be useful for minor oral surgery in weak patients.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.133-149
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• 1997

In the metapelites around the Ogcheon granite, the metamorphic grade increases from the biotite zone through the andalusite zone to the sillimanite zone towards the intrusion contact. In the metabasites around the Boeun granite, the metamorphic grade increases from transitional zone between the greenchist and amphibolite facies through the amphibolite facies to the upper amphibolite facies towards the intrusion contact. In the Doiri area locating near the intrusion contact of the Boeun granite, sillimanite- and andalusite-bearing metapelites are found with in 500 m away from the contact. The evidence described above indicates that the Ogcheon and Boeun granites caused low-P/T type contact metamorphism to the country rocks. The P-T condition of contact metamorphism due to the intrusion of the Ogcheon granite is $540{\pm}40^{circ}C, 2.8{\pm}0.9$ kb. The temperature condition of contact metamorphism due to the intrusion of the Boeun granite is $698{\pm}28^{\circ}C$. The wide compositional range of amphibole and plagioclase in the metabasites around the Boeun granite is due to the immisibility gab of amphibole and plagioclase and unstable relict composition resulted from an incomplete metamorphic reaction. The compositional range of stable amphibole and plagioclase decreases as a metamorphic grade increases due to a close of immiscibility gab. The thermal effect of contact metamorphism due to the intrusion of the Ogcheon and Boeun granites, are calculated using the CONTACT2 program based on a two dimensional finite difference method. In order to estimate the thermal effect of an introduced pluton, a circle with 10 km diameter and a triangle with 20 km side are used for the intrusion geometries of the Ogcheon granite and the Boeun granite, respectively. The results from the field and modeling studies suggest that the intrusion temperatures of the Ogcheon granite close to $800^{\circ}C$ and the intrusion temperature of the Boeun granite is higher than $1000^{\circ}C$. However, the intrusion temperatures can be lower than the suggested temperature, if the geothermal gradient prior to the intrusion of the Ogcheon and Boeun granites was higher than the normal continental grothermal gradient.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.224-237
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• 2004

The anorthositic rocks of the study area are divided into the northern Sancheong and southern Hadong anorthositic rocks depending on the different distribution patterns and lithologies. In order to evaluate the characteristics of the hydrothermal systems developed in the study area, oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of the anorthositic rocks were measured. Oxygen isotopic values of the plagioclase exhibit an interesting spatial distribution. Plagioclase collected from the Sancheong anorthositic rocks in the northern part tends to have a relatively restricted range of $\delta$$^{18/0}$ values between 7.3 and 8.8$\textperthousand$, which are heavier than 'normal' $\delta$$^{18/O}$ value (6-6.5$\textperthousand$) typical for plagioclase of the fresh mantle-derived anorthosite, whereas plagioclase from the southern part is characterized by a wide range of $\delta$$^{18/O}$ values between -4.4 and 8.2$\textperthousand$ and much lighter values than 'normal' value for plagioclase of the fresh mantle-derived anorthosite. Plagioclase from the middle part has $\delta$$^{18/O}$ values heavier than the plagioclase from the southern part, but lighter than that from the northern part. The spatial distribution of $\delta$$^{18/O}$ values suggests that the decoupled hydrothermal flow systems might have been developed in the study area. Meteoric water dominated in the hydrothermal flow systems developed in the southern area, whereas magmatic fluid dominated in the northern area. The relationship between water content and hydrogen isotopic composition of anorthosites shows a positive correlation. The positive correlation indicates that fluids exsolved from magma during magmatic differentiation caused deuteric alteration of anorthositic rocks involving replacement of pyroxenes to amphiboles. After the deuteric alteration, hydrothermal system developed by meteoric water dominated the southern area, and erased record of the hydrothermal system developed by magmatic fluid at earlier stage. However, the development of meteoric hydrothermal system has been limited in the southern area only, and could not affect the Sancheong anorthositic rocks in the northern area. The abundant occurrences of secondary alteration minerals such as sericite, calcite, and chlorite in the southern Hadong anorthosite relative to the northern Sancheong anorthositc seem to be related to the overlapping of two distinct hydrothermal systems in the southern area.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1996

A hairy root clone of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, HRB-15 was cultured iu various conditions with 3 L bubble type bioreactor to enhance both growth and ginsenoside production. The hairy roots were more rapidly grown under the dark condition than under the light condition. However, total amount of ginsenoside of hairy roots cultured under the light for 30 days increased 2 folds as compared with the dark condition and was 1.10% based on 6 ginsenosides. Especially, ginsenoside-Re was significantly increased and some ginsenosides except for ginsenoside-Re was slightly reduced. Also, the growth of hairy roots decreased about 30% as compared with the dark condition. In contrast, addition of sodium acetate led to decreased production of ginsenoside and growth of hairy roots under light condition. The influence of potassium dihydrogenphosphate concentration was examined in MS medium and a 1.25 mM concentration was found to be the most appropriate for growth and ginsenoside production under light condition. Two-step process of hairy roots culture with yeast elicitation or without ammonia in culture medium was developed to enhance growth and giusenoside synthesis. $50\;\mu\textrm{g}$ of yeast elicitor per g of fresh weight showed a synergistic effect on the ginsenoside synthesis of hairy roots on 20 days after culture. At that time, the content of total ginsenoside was 1.15%, while the growth of hairy roots decreased 21 % as compared with the dark condition. In addition, when elimination of ammonia on 20 days after culture, the content of total ginsenoside was 1.26% with significant increment of ginsenoside-Rd (0.27%) in addition to ginsenoside-Re and the growth of hairy roots decreased 10% as compared with the dark condition. In this system, we have demonstrated a unique two-step process of hairy root cultures to maximize biomass and secondary metabolites. It has found possibility to enhance ginsenosides production by growing hairy roots in this method.