• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.14-14
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• 2009

자동차 차체와 같은 박판을 접합하기 위해서 인버터 DC 저항 점 용접공정은 매우 널리 사용되어지고 있다. 이는 교류 용접에 비해 적은 전류로 용접이 가능하고, 더 넓은 적정 용접 영역을 가지며, 보다 적은 전극마모를 가지는 인버터 DC 저항 점용접의 특성에 기인한다. 아울러 최근에는 파워 소자와 같은 인버터 구성에 필요한 구성 요소의 가격이 낮아져, 전반적으로 용접기의 가격이 하락하였고, 구성 장치에 대한 신뢰성이 증가하였으며, 기존보다 전력의 사용량이 감소하여 인버터 DC 저항점 용접공정의 사용이 더욱 증가하고 있는 상황이다. 또한 차량의 경량화에 대한 요구가 증가함에 따라 고 장력 강판의 적용이 확대되고 있다. 이러한 재료의 우수한 용접을 위해 인버터 DC 저항 점 용접시스템의 개발이 더욱 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 하지만 인버터 DC 저항 점용접 시스템을 구성하더라도 모재의 특성이 전류 파형에 영향을 주게 되어, 정 전류 제어가 적용되지 못하면 전류 파형이 불안정해지게 되고 원하는 전류가 발생되지 않게 되어 스패터가 발생하거나, 용접 품질에 영향을 줄 수 있게 된다. 본 연구에서는 인버터 DC 저항 점용접 시스템을 구성하고, 정 전류의 제어를 위한 퍼지 제어 알고리즘을 개발하여 적용하였다. 퍼지제어기의 환산 계수를 최적화하기 위해서 유전 알고리즘을 적용하였으며, 실험에는 고장력강을 대상으로 정 전류 용접 공정을 수행하였다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.639-647
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• 2009

In this work, wrapping conductors with thin magnetic materials is proposed as a magnetic shielding method. The 0.1 mm thick metal sheets of mu-metal, grain-oriented electrical steel, and non-oriented electrical steel were produced from commercial alloy sheets through cold rolling and followed high temperature annealing. In case of 3-phase electric currents, mu-metal was the best in shielding performance at a B-field magnitude of about 100 ${\mu}T$, whereas silicon steels were better than mu-metal at a B-magnitude over 500 ${\mu}T$. In addition, wrapping with silicon steel(inner) together with mu-metal(outer) resulted in a shielding factor less than 0.1 even at 500 ${\mu}T$. These results are due to changes in hierarchy of magnetic permeabilities of the materials with increasing magnetic field strength. In case of single-phase electric current, B-magnitude outside the magnetic shell was rather increased compared to the unshielded case. This result is explained by vector composition of B-fields near magnetic shielding materials.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.79-93
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• 1991

With the advent of ULSI, many problems in previous metallization techniques and interconnection materials have become more serious. In this work, selective deposition of copper to fill the submicron contact has been tried. After forming electro-deposited copper films on p-type (100) silicon wafer using 0.75M $CuSO_4{\cdot}$5H_2O$ as an electrolyte, the effect of deposition time, current density and concentration of an additive on film properties were investigated. Film thickness, particle size and resistivity were analyzed by Alpha Step, SEM and 4 - point probe measurement respectively. The deposition rate was about $0.5-0.6\mu\textrm{m}$/min at $2A/dm^2$ and the particle size increased with increasing current density. The resistivities of electro-deposited copper films were about $3-6{\mu}{\Omega}{\cdot}$cm for the particle size above $4000{\AA}$. By the addition of 0.2 g/l gelatin, the particle size was reduced to less than $0.1{\mu}m $ and selective plugging of copper on submicron contacts could be successfully achieved.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.72-72
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• 2009

전자부품의 내부접속 및 파워반도체의 다이본딩과 같은 1차실장에는 고온환경에서의 사용과 2차실장에서의 재용융방지를 위해 높은 액상선온도 및 고상선온도를 필요로 하여, Pb-5wt%Sn, Pb-2.5wt%Ag로 대표되는 납성분 85%이상의 고온솔더가 널리 사용되고 있다. 생태계와 인체에 대한 납의 유해성이 보고된 이래, 무연솔더에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되어 왔으나, Sn-Ag-Cu계로 대표되는 Sn계 합금으로 대체 중인 중온용 솔더와는 달리, 고온용 솔더에 대해서는 대체합금에 대한 연구가 미흡한 실정이다. 대체재의 부재로 인해 기존의 납을 다량함유한 솔더로 1차실장이 지속됨으로서, 2차실장의 무연화에도 불구하고 전자부품 및 기기의 재활용에 큰 어려움을 겪고 있다. 지금까지 고온용 무연솔더로서는 융점에 근거해 Au-(Sn, Ge, Si)계, Bi-Ag계, Zn-(Al, Sn)계의 극히 제한된 합금계만이 보고되어 왔다. Au계 솔더는 현재 플럭스를 사용하지 않는 광학, 디스플레이 분야 등 고부가가치 공정에 사용되고 있으나, 합금가격이 매우 비싸며 가공성이 나빠 대체재료로서는 적합하지 않다. Bi-Ag계 솔더 또한 취성합금으로 와이어 및 박판으로 가공하는데 어려움이 크며, 솔더로서 중요한 특성중 하나인 전기전도도 및 열전도도가 나쁜 편이다. 이에 비해, Zn계 합금은 비교적 낮은 합금가격, 적절한 가공성과 뛰어난 인장강도, 우수한 전기전도도 및 열전도도를 지녀, 고온용솔더 대체재료의 유력한 후보로 생각된다.이전 연구에서, 필자의 연구그룹은 Zn-Sn계 합금을 고온용 무연솔더로서 제안한 바 있다. Zn-Sn계 합금은 충분히 높은 융점과 함께, 금속간화합물이 없는 미세조직, 우수한 기계적 특성, 높은 전기전도도 및 열전도도 등의 장점을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서는 기초합금특성상 고온솔더로서 다양한 장점을 지닌 Zn-30wt%Sn합금을 고온용 솔더의 대표적인 적용의 하나인 다이본딩에 적용하여, 접합부의 강도 및 미세조직, 열피로 신뢰성에 대해 분석을 함으로서 실제 공정에의 적용가능성에 대해 검토하였다. Zn-30wt%Sn을 이용해 Au/TiN(Titanium nitride) 코팅한 Si다이를 AlN-DBC(aluminum nitride-direct bonded copper)기판에 접합한 결과, 양측에 완전히 젖은 기공이 없는 양호한 다이접합부를 얻었으며, 솔더내부에는 금속간화합물을 형성하지 않았다. Si다이와의 계면에는 TiN만이 존재하였으며, Cu와의 계면에는 Cu로부터 $Cu_5Zn_8,\;CuZn_5$의 반응층을 형성하였다. 온도사이클시험을 통한 열피로특성평가에서, Zn-30wt%Sn를 이용한 다이접합부는 1500사이클 지점에서 Cu와 Cu-Zn금속간화합물의 사이에서 피로균열이 형성되며, 접합강도가 크게 감소하였다. 열피로특성 향상을 위해 Cu표면에 TiN코팅을 하여 Zn-30wt%Sn 솔더로 다이접합한 결과, Si다이와 기판 양측에 TiN만으로 구성된 계면을 형성하였으며, TEM관찰을 통해 Zn-30wt%Sn과 극히 미세한 접합계면이 형성하고 있음을 확인하였다. Zn-wt%30Sn솔더와 TiN층의 병용으로 2000사이클까지 미세조직의 변화 및 강도저하가 없는 극히 안정된 고신뢰성의 다이접합부를 얻을 수가 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.297-305
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• 2006

The thermal ratcheting deformation at the reactor baffle and upper internal structure of the liquid metal reactor (LMR) can occur due to movement of the hot sodium free surface. In in-service inspection of reactor internals of LMR, a new inspection technique should be developed for the detection of the thermal ratcheting damage. In this study, an inspection technique using ultrasonic guided wave is proposed for the detection of the thermal ratcheting damage of cylindrical vessels. A 316L stainless steel cylindrical shell specimen has been prepared. The thermal ratchet structural tests were cyclically performed by heat-up up to $550^{\circ}C$ with steep temperature gradients along the axial direction after cool-down by cooling water. Ultrasonic guided wave propagation has been characterized by analysis of dispersion curve of the stainless steel plate. The zero-order antisymmetric $A_0$ guided wave has been selected as the optimal mode for detection of the ratcheting deformation. It is confirmed that the thermal ratcheting deformation can be detected by the measurement of transit time difference of circumferentially propagated $A_0$ guided waves.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.19-25
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to determine the technical feasibility of making 3-dimensional thin hardboard panels for overlay substitutes of low grade particleboard and plywood panels. Experimental studies were directed at assembling bench-top apparatus, learning the characteristics of different types of lignocellulosic waste papers, for making thin hardboard with several combinations of them with and without resin addition. The raw materials used are waste corrugated cartons, cereal boxes, and old magazines which contain substantial amount of lignin in it. The experimental results showed that satisfactory thin(0.21~0.16cm) hardboard could be made from the residential mixed waste papers that have selected properties comparable to commercial 0.32cm hardboard. The significant mixing ratio effect of the waste papers was present on the thickness swelling, water absorption, linear expansion, and modulus of elasticity including Taber abrasion tests of the thin hardboard made. The mixing ratio of waste papers and resin in the thin hardboard prominently affected the specific gravity of it, which led to affect modulus of elasticity and those physical properties sensitively. And it was shown that the hardboard containing those physical properties can be used for overlay substitutes of low grade plywood and particleboard panels.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.214-226
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• 1992

In this paper, the characteristics of fatigue crack growth in the spot welded joint of the same kinds of specimens($HS{\times}HS,\;GA{\times}GAB$) and different kinds of specimens($HS{\times}GA,\;HS{\times}GAB$) which consist of dual phase high strength steel(HS) and monogalvanized steel(GA) were examined with static tension tests and axial tension fatigue tests. Some of the important results are as follows : 1. The divergence of tensile strengths among the same and different kinds of spot welds under the same conditions is comparatively low regardless of the difference of stiffness. 2. At the low load bevel and long life legion, the fatigue crack is initiated near the nugget. However, in the high load level and short life region, it occurs a tittle far from the nugget. 3. It has shown a linear relation between maximum stress Intensity factor, Kmax and fatigue life, $N_f$ among each of the spot welds and has gathered in a narrow band on the log-log graph paper. $Kmax=H{\cdot}{N_f}^{P}$ where H and P are a material constant.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.241-250
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• 2004

In this research, the copper alloy plates C2200, C5210, C7701, C8113 were selected to make datum and to identify further usage of metal craft experimentation. For its experimentation, the general welding and TIG welding methods were researched; for 2nd experimentation, the Reticulation and Electroforming skill's differences in color and temperature were researched. With these methods 3 different kinds of works are introduced for sample studies. For this research, Dr. Lee, Dong-Woo who works in Poongsan Metal Co, supported 4 kinds of copper alloy metals. Which are Commercial bronze (Cu-Zn), Deoxidiged Copper(Cu-Sn-P), Nickel Silver (Cu-Ni-Zn), and White Bronze (Cu-Ni); they were applied partly and wholly by the method of Laminatin, Reticulation, Fusing, and Electroforming skills. In case of C2200, the brass, the A. C. TIG welding method is better under 2mm slight plate; the D.C. TIG welding is better upper 2mm plate; and 250~300$^{\circ}C$ is recommended for remain heat treatment. In case of C5210, not having Hydrogen in high temperature return period, doesn't need Oxygen in high temperature and hardening in comparative high temperature neither, it is good for welding. It contains Sn 2-9% ad P 0.03-0.4% generally; and in accordance with the growth rate of Sn contain amount, the harden temperature boundary become broad. In case of cold moment after welding, they are recommended that higher speed TIG welding, smaller melting site and less than 200$^{\circ}C$ for pre-heating temperature. In case of C7701, the 10-20% Ni, 15-30% Zn are widely used.. If it is upper 30% Zn, it become (${\alpha}+{\beta}$) system and adhesive power rate become lower, and the productivity become lower in low temperature but the productivity become higher in high temperature. Nickel Silver's resistance of electricity is well; and the heatproof and incorrodibility is good, too. Lastly, in case of C8113, good at persistence in salty and grind; high in strength of high temperature. In case of white brass, contain 10-30% Nickel and hardened in high temperature and become single phrase. For these reason, the crystallization particles easily become large, if the resistance become higher small amount of Pb, P, S separation rate become higher.