• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.131-145
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• 2009

Goryeong Yangjeondong Petroglyph on the joint face of the bedrock (6m in width, 3m in height) composed of the green sandstone has circles and shield pattern sculptures. The rock is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, chlorite, illite and calcite with the clay minerals. These clay minerals occur as pore lining, replacement of component and pore fillings. Investigated the weathering aspects including the connection between soluble salt and rock weathering and the stability of the bedrock with petroglyphs. The Major deterioration aspect are grain peel-off, surface exfoliation, cracks and damage. And the bedrock where the joints and cracks advance is interpreted with the fact that has the possibility of the falling rock. For conservation, adhesive need to cover crack and damage and consolidation is necessary in the surface which becomes weak.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.407-420
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• 2013

The stone sculptures in Gyeongbokgung Royal Palace are mainly composed of granite (884 sculptures, 96.7%) and marble (25 sculptures, 2.7%) that originated in several different quarries. Main deterioration forms are crack (24%), break-out (21%), exfoliation (36%), granular disintegration (9%) and blackening (20%). Crack and break-out are dominant contributors to high physical deterioration degree, and blackening is major weathering form of intensive discoloration. The Gyeonghoeru, Geunjeongjeon and Pumgyeseok areas require urgent and high conservation maintenance with short-term periodic monitoring since proportions of 3-grade deterioration were calculated higher than others as 55% for Gyeonghoeru, 29% for Geunjeongjeon, 11% for Pumgyeseok area. The Pumgyeseok (officials' rank stone), especially, needs intervention for protective facility due to its material vulnerability to weathering in outdoor environment.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.347-361
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• 2009

The Pohang Chilpori is the area with abundant petroglyphs in Korea. The form of the shield, female sex organs, and yut board on the outcrops or float rocks which are composed of the rhyolitic rock are engraved on Chilpori and Shinheungri Petroglyphs. The rhyolitic rock is composed of the phenocryst and groundmass with quartz and feldspar. The rock surface shows mostly yellowish brown color and the rock surface is very irregular by serious weathering, and illite and kaolinite, a kind of the clay minerals, are produced. Deterioration aspects are mainly of surface exfoliation, grain peel-off, damages, scribbling. Chilpori Petroglyph (1) plane has been eroded by running water, in (2) plane has been abrased is on the rock surface, in (3) plane shows surface exfoliation and the various part of the rock surface in plane (4) has become the soil. The corrasion and black phenomenon of the Shinheungri Petroglyph (1) plane was formed by running water, and surface exfoliation and scribbling in plane (2) is serious. Deterioration factors are geomorphologic states, plants, rock of weak to weathering, and artificial influence such as a scribbling and a forest fire. For conservation of the these petroglyphs, study for rock surface conservation and the arrangement of around petroglyphs and construction of water wall are necessary.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.44-61
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• 2015

Mural tomb in Goa-ri(Goryeong) built in the 6th Century Gaya period investigated precisely by the scientific method. They were used to optical equipments for investigation and made a damage map according to the damaging types. The mortar layer was mostly exfoliated from the rest of the wall except for the burial chamber ceiling and corridor ceiling. Also painting layers rarely not observed. Most of the paintings were damaged except lotus painting in burial chamber ceiling. Various damage types that exfoliation, earthen dirt, film coating were found in murals. Damage factors of mural were the porous characteristics of mortar layer and the movement of moisture in the murals. They were caused physical damage such as crack, exfoliation. It was getting worse and causing to secondary damage like earthen dirt, film coating.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.629-646
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• 2023

Host rock of Cheonjeon-ri petroglyph is shale belonging to the Daegu Formation of Cretaceous Gyeongsang Supergroup. The rocks were hornfelsified by thermal alteration, and shows high density and hardness. The petroglyph forms weathered zone with certain depth, and has difference in mineral and chemical composition from the unweathered zone. As the physical deterioration evaluations, most of cracks on the surface appear parallel to the bedding, and are concentrated in the upper part with relatively low density. Breakout parts are occurred in the upper and lower parts of the petroglyph, accounting for 6.0% of the total area and occurs to have been created by the wedging action of cracks crossing. The first exfoliation parts occupying the surface were 23.8% of the total area, the second exfoliations covered with 9.3%, and the exfoliation parts with three or more times were calculated as 3.4%. It is interpreted that this is not due to natural weathering, and the thermal shock caused by the cremation custom here in the past. As the ultrasonic properties, the petroglyph indicates highly strength in the horizontal direction parallel to bedding, and the area with little physical damage recorded mean of 4,684 m/s, but the area with severe cracks and exfoliations showed difference from 2,597 to 3,382 m/s on average. Physical deterioration to the Cheonjeon-ri petroglyph occurred to influence by repeated weathering, which caused the rock surface to become more severe than the inside and the binding force of minerals to weaken. Therefore, it can be understood that when greater stress occurs in the weathered zone than in the unweathered zone, the relatively weathered surface loses its support and exfoliation occurs.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.70-85
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• 2012

Uiseong Tamni-ri Five-storied Stone Pagoda is composed of andesitic tuff and partially combined with tuff breccia and fine-grained granite. The andesitic tuff is identical to basement rock of Geumseongsan Mountain based on lithological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics. The pagoda has suffered physical weathering such as crack and scaling, discoloration and biological colonization with complex reaction. Expecially, dark gray and brown discoloration appeared whole over the surface of the pagoda, and three to five-layered exfoliation and granular disintegration dominantly occurred in the fourth and fifth roof stones. It is assuming that the stone elements of the pagoda are evaluated as third to forth grades (average third grade) of weathering compared to fresh rock in Geumseongsan Mountain. The physical strength of the stone elements shows low values in the south and west sides of the pagoda that corresponds high weathering degree of the west side due to exfoliation, crack and granular disintegration. It is necessary to investigate the pagoda for precise deterioration assessment, monitoring and conservation treatment.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.52-63
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• 2016

The Stupa of Buddhist Monk Soyo in Baegyangsa temple, Jangseong, was erected to pay a tribute to the achievement of the Buddhist monk Soyo, who worked for Baegyangsa temple as a chief monk, and is a bellshaped stupa with the detailed pattern of a Korean traditional buddhist bell. It is composed of pinkish-grey sandstone and the body of the stupa was damaged by longitudinal cracks on the front and back areas and the exfoliation caused break-out in the most part of the sculpture on the left and right areas. According to the ultrasonic test and infrared thermography analysis for physical deterioration diagnosis, most weathering aspects appeared on the body of the stupa and some exfoliated part that could not be seen with the naked eye was detected 6.1% and 5.9% on the left and right side respectively. Hyperspectral imaging analysis was also carried out to assess biological deterioration. According to the result, the surface of the stupa was covered 71.8 ~ 79.9% with vegetation like algae, lichen and moss. NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) was higher relatively on the bottom part near the ground, right and back areas of the stupa. Therefore conservation treatment for the exfoliated part and bio-deterioration is necessary and the environment condition needs to be fixed to prevent extra damages on the stupa.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.70-76
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• 2002

지하철, 고속철도, 신공항, 공동구, 지하보도, 지하차도, 하수도, 도로 및 철도 등 의 지하구조에는 일반적으로 박스형태의 콘크리트 구조물이 건설되고 있다. 1990년 대 중반 이후 시공 및 사용중인 지하 박스 콘크리트 구조물의 균열 및 누수 등의 문제점이 사회적인 문제로 부각되기 시작하였다. 이러한 지하 박스 콘크리트 구조물에 발생할 수 있는 문제점은 크게 결함(defect), 손상(damage), 열화(deterioration)의 3가지로 구분될 수 있으며, 이들 원인은 구조물에 균열(cracking), 누수(leakage), 처짐(deflection), 부동침하(settlement) 재료분리(segregation) , 박리(delamination), 부식(corrosion), 박락(spalling)등의 현상으로 나타난다.(중략)

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.9
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• pp.59-66
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• 2008

At platform-reinforcing side stone plate having been exhibited in outdoor exhibition space of Gyeongju National Museum, split and exfoliation were proceeding due to weathering at joined·restored parts. Accordingly we checked imbibitional minerals in the stone through observation and analysis with polarized microscope, and studied capillary water absorption rate using Schmidt Hammer rebound hardness measurement and Karsten Tube.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Disaster Information Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.347-348
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 무인이동체를 활용한 철도교량의 외관조사 점검을 보다 효율적이고 객관성 있게 수행하기 위하여 무인이동체를 통해 촬영된 이미지를 딥러닝 기반 분석기술을 활용하여 손상 자동으로 분석 하기위한 기술을 연구하였다. 철도교량의 외관 손상 중 균열, 콘크리트 박리·박락, 누수, 철근노출에 대한 손상 이미지를 추출하여 딥러닝 분석 모델을 생성하고 학습한 분석 모델을 적용한 시스템을 실제 현장에 적용 테스트를 수행하였으며 학습 구현된 분석모델의 검측 재현율을 검토한 결과 평균 95%이상의 감지성능을 검토할 수 있었다. 개발 제안된 자동손상분석 기술은 기존 육안점검 결과 대비 보다 객관적이고 정밀한 손상 검측이 가능하며 철도 유지관리 분야에서 무인이동체를 활용한 외관조사 업무를 수행함에 있어 기존 대비 객관적인 결과도출과 소요시간, 비용저감이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.