• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.509-520
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• 2023

Scientific explanation is the main goal of scientists' scientific practice, and the science curriculum also includes developing students' abilities to construct scientific explanations as a major goal. Thus, clarifying its meaning is an important issue in the science education community. In this paper, the researchers identified three perspectives on 'scientific explanation' based on the scoping review method (Deductive-Nomological, Probabilistic, and Pragmatic explanation models). We argued that it is important to clarify and distinguish the meanings of 'scientific explanation' from other concepts used in science education, such as 'description', 'prediction', 'hypothesis', and 'argument' based on a review of the literature. It is also pointed out that there is a difference between 'scientific explanation' as a product and 'explaining scientifically' as communication, and several ways to revise achievement standard statements in the science curriculum are suggested, to guide students to construct scientific explanations and to help students to explain scientifically. By adopting the three scientific explanation models, the important factors to be considered were classified and organized, and examples of science learning activities for scientific explanation considering such factors were suggested. It is hoped that the discussion in this study will help establish clearer learning goals in science learning related to scientific explanation and aid the design of more appropriate learning activities accordingly.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.129-164
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• 2023

In a situation where the use and introduction of Large Language Models (LLMs) is expanding due to recent developments in generative AI technology, it is difficult to find actual application cases or implementation methods for the use of internal company data in existing studies. Accordingly, this study presents a method of implementing generative AI services using the LLM application architecture using the most widely used LangChain framework. To this end, we reviewed various ways to overcome the problem of lack of information, focusing on the use of LLM, and presented specific solutions. To this end, we analyze methods of fine-tuning or direct use of document information and look in detail at the main steps of information storage and retrieval methods using the retrieval augmented generation (RAG) model to solve these problems. In particular, similar context recommendation and Question-Answering (QA) systems were utilized as a method to store and search information in a vector store using the RAG model. In addition, the specific operation method, major implementation steps and cases, including implementation source and user interface were presented to enhance understanding of generative AI technology. This has meaning and value in enabling LLM to be actively utilized in implementing services within companies.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.109-131
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• 2014

As the demand of nuclear power plant equipment is continuously growing worldwide, the importance of handling nuclear strategic materials is also increasing. While the number of cases submitted for the exports of nuclear-power commodity and technology is dramatically increasing, preadjudication (or prescreening to be simple) of strategic materials has been done so far by experts of a long-time experience and extensive field knowledge. However, there is severe shortage of experts in this domain, not to mention that it takes a long time to develop an expert. Because human experts must manually evaluate all the documents submitted for export permission, the current practice of nuclear material export is neither time-efficient nor cost-effective. Toward alleviating the problem of relying on costly human experts only, our research proposes a new system designed to help field experts make their decisions more effectively and efficiently. The proposed system is built upon case-based reasoning, which in essence extracts key features from the existing cases, compares the features with the features of a new case, and derives a solution for the new case by referencing similar cases and their solutions. Our research proposes a framework of case-based reasoning system, designs a case-based reasoning system for the control of nuclear material exports, and evaluates the performance of alternative keyword extraction methods (full automatic, full manual, and semi-automatic). A keyword extraction method is an essential component of the case-based reasoning system as it is used to extract key features of the cases. The full automatic method was conducted using TF-IDF, which is a widely used de facto standard method for representative keyword extraction in text mining. TF (Term Frequency) is based on the frequency count of the term within a document, showing how important the term is within a document while IDF (Inverted Document Frequency) is based on the infrequency of the term within a document set, showing how uniquely the term represents the document. The results show that the semi-automatic approach, which is based on the collaboration of machine and human, is the most effective solution regardless of whether the human is a field expert or a student who majors in nuclear engineering. Moreover, we propose a new approach of computing nuclear document similarity along with a new framework of document analysis. The proposed algorithm of nuclear document similarity considers both document-to-document similarity (${\alpha}$) and document-to-nuclear system similarity (${\beta}$), in order to derive the final score (${\gamma}$) for the decision of whether the presented case is of strategic material or not. The final score (${\gamma}$) represents a document similarity between the past cases and the new case. The score is induced by not only exploiting conventional TF-IDF, but utilizing a nuclear system similarity score, which takes the context of nuclear system domain into account. Finally, the system retrieves top-3 documents stored in the case base that are considered as the most similar cases with regard to the new case, and provides them with the degree of credibility. With this final score and the credibility score, it becomes easier for a user to see which documents in the case base are more worthy of looking up so that the user can make a proper decision with relatively lower cost. The evaluation of the system has been conducted by developing a prototype and testing with field data. The system workflows and outcomes have been verified by the field experts. This research is expected to contribute the growth of knowledge service industry by proposing a new system that can effectively reduce the burden of relying on costly human experts for the export control of nuclear materials and that can be considered as a meaningful example of knowledge service application.

• 한국사회복지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.282-309
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• 2003

This exploratory qualitative study investigates the effects of experiencing domestic violence on male adolescent offenders' masculinities. Empirical and theoretical literature suggests that negative male role models in violent families result in male adolescents' experiencing conflict in constructing gender identities, especially masculinities. Moreover. criminologists argue that masculinities are often connected with crimes as a way to prove masculine competence. This study compares male adolescent offenders who have experienced domestic violence with those who have not experienced domestic violence and explores how domestic violence experiences influence the construction of gender identities among male adolescent offenders. The study used a secondary qualitative data analysis method. The data consisted of ethnographic in-depth interview transcripts, observational field notes, and formal facility records collected at a juvenile correctional facility in Minnesota. The process of data analysis was a "constant comparative method" that sought to understand differences and similarities in the expressed gender narratives and identity patterns between the two groups of offenders. This process also examined differences within each group. The qualitative data analysis revealed that domestic violence experiences in childhood may be related to the construction of gender identities during adolescence. The findings of this study showed that male adolescent offenders who had experienced domestic violence tended to attach themselves to oppressed mothers more readily than those who had not experienced domestic violence. Next, their attachment to mothers related to the construction of more relational gender identities although most participants, regardless of domestic violence experiences, had much in common regarding gender expression. Finally, despite these relational gender identities, male adolescent offenders who had experienced domestic violence tended to depend upon violence and crimes to show masculine competence, as did male adolescent offenders who had not experienced domestic violence. The study findings suggest a need for research to understand the construction of gender identities in the context of particular experiences and the importance of building theories that advance a comprehensive understanding of the construction of masculinities and youth crime. This study also discusses the development of social work programs that protect young men from adherence to exaggerated masculinity, which is often associated with crimes.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.414-418
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• 2007

The physicochemical characteristics and sensory properties of Deodeok wine, formed by leaching of Deodeok at room temperature for 180 days, were investigated over the following range of Deodeok levels: 10, 15 and 20% (all w/v). The higher the level of Deodeok, the greater were the final values of total sugars, reducing sugars, total polyphenols, and crude saponins. The Hunter's b-value (yellowness) of Deodeok wine varied markedly with Deodeok levels, and yellowness was highest in Deodeok wine containing 20% (w/v) Deodeok. Non-volatile compounds, that form the basis of the liquor tax law, were 0.64, 1.38 and 2.11% (all w/v), respectively, at day 160. Of these values, that of 2.11% (w/v), the level of non-volatile compounds in Deodeok wine containing 20% (w/v) Deodeok, was in accord with the liquor tax law (that requires this figure to be 2.0%). Sensory evaluation showed that Deodeok wine containing 20% (w/v) Deodeok was superior to the other wines tested.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.299-307
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• 2000

생물학적 동등성 시험은 동일 성분을 동량 함유한 제제가 유사조건에서 투여되었을 경우 그 유효성분이 전신순환혈이나 작용부위에서 유용하게 되는 속도 및 양에 큰 차이가 없음을 입증하는 시험이다. 즉 이미 제조허가 되어 시판중인 의약품과 동일한 품목의 제조허가를 받기 위한 경우이거나 생체이용률이 동일함을 증명하기 위해 실시하는 시험이다. 우리 나라에서는 1989년 1월 1일 이후 허가된 전문의약품으로서 신약과 동일한 의약품, 패취제제, 제제개선을 통해 흡수율을 높이는 경우에 생물학적 동등성 시험을 하도록 의무화하고 있다. 미국 FDA는 1975년 6월 생체이용률, 생물학적 동등성에 관한 규제안을 발표하였고, 우리 나라에서도 1988년 10월에 생물학적 동등성 시험 기준을 제정하였다. 유럽에서는 1991년 12월 CPMP(Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products)에 의해 최초로 "생체이용률 및 생물학적 동등성에 대한 가이드라인"이 채택되었다. 그후 전문가 회의를 거쳐 규정 전반에 관한 것과 일반적 항목에 대한 검토가 이루어져 최종 개정된 가이드라인이 만들어졌다. 현재 in vivo 생체 이용률을 비교하는 생물학적 동등성 시험의 중요성이 증대되고 있고, 국제적으로도 각 국가별 생물학적 동등성 시험의 평가방법이나 기준설정에 대한 연구가 다양하게 이루어지고 있다. 또한 ICH에서도 생물학적 동등성 시험의 국제적 조화를 위한 시도가 이루어지고 있다. 우리 나라의 현행 생물학적 동등성 기준은 1998년 개정된 것을 사용하고 있으나 국제적 발전 추세에 맞추어 기준의 제고를 모색하고 있다. 그 일환으로 유럽의 "의약품의 생체이용률 및 생물학적 동등성 시험 가이드라인"을 소개하고자 한다., globunlin II의 두 component로 분리(分離)되었고 oryzenin은 시료(試料) 육우(陸羽) 132호(號), 등판(藤坂) 5호(號), 관산(關山) 재건(再建)에서는 oryzenin I, oryzenin II, oryzenin III의 3 component를 분리(分離)하였고 팔달(八達), 진흥(振興), 서광(瑞光), 은방주(銀坊主), 다마금(多摩錦), Pin Galw56의 6시료(試料)에서는 oryzenin II, oryzenin III의 2 component만 분리(分離)하였다. 3. 각(各) fraction을 여지전기영동(濾紙電氣泳動)하여 각(各) component의 농도곡선(濃度曲線)에 의해 함량(含量)을 구(求)한 결과(結果) albumin 0.26%, globulin I, 0.35%, globulin II, 0.32%, prolamin, 0.41%, oryzenin I, 0.30%, oryzenin II, 2.23%, oryzenin III, 2.66%이었다.미국의 경우 3일 이내 전화나 FAX로 보고하고, 10일이내 문서로써 보고하도록 되어 있다. 이러한 임상적 안전성 자료 관리에 대한 신속 보고 정의 및 기준에 대해서는 ICH에서도 논의가 되어 Step 4까지 다다르고 있으므로 앞으로 각 국에서의 적용만 남아있는 상태이고 보면 신약의 개발과 더불어 임상시험에서의 부작용등의 안전성 자료 관리에 대한 중요성은 더욱 강조될 것이다.공하는 음식의 섭취정도에도 영향을 주고 있으므로 학생들에게 학부모와 전담교사 및 학교영양사는 학생들에게 이상적인 아침식사에 대한 교육은 물론이고 아침식사를 실천할 수 있도록 다양한 방안에 대해 함께 연구해야 하겠다. 정부차원에서 학교급식에 아침식사 프로그램을 도입할

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.79-96
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• 2021

Green infrastructure planning represents landscape planning measures to reduce particulate matter. This study aimed to derive factors that may be used in planning green infrastructure for particulate matter reduction using text mining techniques. A range of analyses were carried out by focusing on keywords such as 'particulate matter reduction plan' and 'green infrastructure planning elements'. The analyses included Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) analysis, centrality analysis, related word analysis, and topic modeling analysis. These analyses were carried out via text mining by collecting information on previous related research, policy reports, and laws. Initially, TF-IDF analysis results were used to classify major keywords relating to particulate matter and green infrastructure into three groups: (1) environmental issues (e.g., particulate matter, environment, carbon, and atmosphere), target spaces (e.g., urban, park, and local green space), and application methods (e.g., analysis, planning, evaluation, development, ecological aspect, policy management, technology, and resilience). Second, the centrality analysis results were found to be similar to those of TF-IDF; it was confirmed that the central connectors to the major keywords were 'Green New Deal' and 'Vacant land'. The results from the analysis of related words verified that planning green infrastructure for particulate matter reduction required planning forests and ventilation corridors. Additionally, moisture must be considered for microclimate control. It was also confirmed that utilizing vacant space, establishing mixed forests, introducing particulate matter reduction technology, and understanding the system may be important for the effective planning of green infrastructure. Topic analysis was used to classify the planning elements of green infrastructure based on ecological, technological, and social functions. The planning elements of ecological function were classified into morphological (e.g., urban forest, green space, wall greening) and functional aspects (e.g., climate control, carbon storage and absorption, provision of habitats, and biodiversity for wildlife). The planning elements of technical function were classified into various themes, including the disaster prevention functions of green infrastructure, buffer effects, stormwater management, water purification, and energy reduction. The planning elements of the social function were classified into themes such as community function, improving the health of users, and scenery improvement. These results suggest that green infrastructure planning for particulate matter reduction requires approaches related to key concepts, such as resilience and sustainability. In particular, there is a need to apply green infrastructure planning elements in order to reduce exposure to particulate matter.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.50
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• pp.103-130
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• 2018

This research aims to explore the associated linguistic features and functions of Chinese as used for business trading purposes, and which is based on a discourse analysis through a case in which a Korean buyer and a Chinese supplier have exchanged Internet based e-mails. The research questions include first, the linguistic functions and characteristics of Chinese shown as identified in this trade case through e-mails, second, the use of Chinese trade specific terms, and third, the apparent and dynamic negotiation strategies that are identified as followed by the cultural value systems which are used for resolving interest conflicts and issues between the buyer and supplier in the course of negotiating business contracts between two parties. The participants of this research pertain to a Korean buyer, James and a Chinese supplier, Sonya. The associated data consists of 74 e-mails exchanged between the two parties, initiated in an effort to begin and complete a trade item, in this case namely the product of napkin holders. The research for the study is based on the discourse analysis and empirically analyses models of Chinese linguistic functions and features. The findings are the following. First, as identified, the specific Chinese functions used and sequenced in this trade case are of a procedure, request, informing, negotiation and persuasion. Second, the essential trade terms used in this business interaction involve the relevant issues of 1) ordering and price negotiating, 2) marking the origin of the products, 3) the arrangement of the product examination and customs declaration for the anticipated import items, 4) preparation of the necessary legal documents, and 5) the package and transport of the product in the final instance. Third, the impact of the similarities and differences in the cultural value systems between Korea and China on the negotiations and conflict resolution during a negotiated contract between two parties are speculated in terms of the use of culturally based techniques such as face-saving and the utilization of uncertainty-avoiding strategies as meant to prevent misunderstandings from developing between the parties. The concluding part of the study discusses the implications for a practical Chinese language education utilizing the linguistic functions and features of the Chinese culture and language strategies as useful in business associations for trading purposes, and the importance of intercultural communication styles based on similar of different identified cultural values as noted between two parties.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.199-232
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• 2018

There are increasing needs for understanding and fathoming of business management environment through big data analysis at industrial and corporative level. The research using the company disclosure information, which is comprehensively covering the business performance and the future plan of the company, is getting attention. However, there is limited research on developing applicable analytical models leveraging such corporate disclosure data due to its unstructured nature. This study proposes a text-mining-based analytical model for industrial and firm level analyses using publicly available company disclousre data. Specifically, we apply LDA topic model and word2vec word embedding model on the U.S. SEC data from the publicly listed firms and analyze the trends of business topics at the industrial and corporate levels. Using LDA topic modeling based on SEC EDGAR 10-K document, whole industrial management topics are figured out. For comparison of different pattern of industries' topic trend, software and hardware industries are compared in recent 20 years. Also, the changes of management subject at firm level are observed with comparison of two companies in software industry. The changes of topic trends provides lens for identifying decreasing and growing management subjects at industrial and firm level. Mapping companies and products(or services) based on dimension reduction after using word2vec word embedding model and principal component analysis of 10-K document at firm level in software industry, companies and products(services) that have similar management subjects are identified and also their changes in decades. For suggesting methodology to develop analysis model based on public management data at industrial and corporate level, there may be contributions in terms of making ground of practical methodology to identifying changes of managements subjects. However, there are required further researches to provide microscopic analytical model with regard to relation of technology management strategy between management performance in case of related to various pattern of management topics as of frequent changes of management subject or their momentum. Also more studies are needed for developing competitive context analysis model with product(service)-portfolios between firms.