• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.145-159
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• 2010

A Sustainable Structured wetland Biotop (SSB) system was planned, designed, and finally constructed, and maintained in the An-teo Reservoir ecological park, which is the habitat of the endangered Gold-spotted Pond Frog. The system purifies polluted water of An-teo Reservoir which flows from up to bottom within the system. Water was sampled once a month at the inlet and at the outlet from December, 2009 to August, 2010. BOD5, SS, T-N and T-P were analyzed. Average influent and effluent BOD5 concentration was 2.9 and 1.0 mg/L, respectively, and BOD5 removal was 67%. SS concentration of influent and effluent averaged 18.1 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L, respectively, and SS abatement amounted to 86%. Average influent and effluent T-N concentration was 0.426 mg/L and 0.147 mg/L, respectively, and T-N retention was 66%. T-P concentration of influent and effluent averaged 0.071 mg/L and 0.022 mg/L, respectively, and T-P removal amounted to 68%. Plant and frog species of the system were monitored during the period. Amphibia and reptiles provided 7 species and 4 families including the Endangered Gold-Spotted Pond Frog (Rana chosenica ) which also lives in the system. Twenty-six plant species were naturally introduced into the system, however, they didn't make up a significant portion of the plant populations compared with the planted species. The endangered plants, Bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris var. japonica ) and Euryale ferox were observed in An-teo Reservoir as well as in the system.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.819-827
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• 2011

Climate change is recognised as the best serious environmental problem in recent time, and high alpine or high latitudinal organisms especially endangered by its change. Leontice microrhyncha is recorded one of the endangered species by the Ministry of Environment Korea. We surveyed ten L. microrhyncha populations distributed at Taebaek Mountains, high mountain area in Kangwon province. L. microrhyncha is distributed 940m~1350m high altitude which equivalent of Warmth Index $53^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ to $75^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$, the range of conspicuous cool temperate forest zone. The plant species distributed at slope of $5^{\circ}{\sim}23^{\circ}$ on northeast slopes. The vegetation structure at tree layer of L. microrhyncha distribution area is dominated by Quercus mongolica, Betula costata, Cornus controversa, Acer mono in tree layer, and by Staphylea bumalda, Deutzia glabrata, Stephanandra incisa in shrub layer. The species diversity of herb layer of each L. microrhyncha population showed from 0.21 to 0.98, and the importance value of L. microrhyncha in each population was the highest at blooming time of L. microrhyncha. These results will provide the basic information for the development of conservation strategies for this endangered species.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 2020

The slender shinner (Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpa), a tiny freshwater fish of about 8 to 10 cm belonging to Cyprinidae, is an endangered species found only in the Han and Imjin Rivers on the Korean Peninsula. During the breeding season, this species spawns in nests of Coreoperca herzi, a predator of this species, or small crevices on rocks. This unique reproductive ecology can make this species more vulnerable to anthropogenic perturbance that can further limit the places to spawn. Here, mtDNA and microsatellite loci were analyzed to identify the genetic diversity and structure of slender shinners and further to provide the basic data necessary for the conservation planning of this species. A total of 28 polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed using Illumina paired-end sequencing, and 67 slender shinners collected from three localities in the Han River were genotyped using these loci. This species showed a remarkably high level of genetic diversity with mean expected heterozygosity of 0.914 and mean allele number per locus of 27.9, and no signature of drastic demographic decline was detected. As a result of our microsatellite analysis, the genetic structure between the two stems of the Han River, North Han and South Han, was prominent. Such a genetic structure was also evident in the sequence analysis of 14 haplotypes obtained from mtDNA control region. Although slender shinners are only found in very limited areas around the world, the genetic structure indicates that there is a block of gene flow among the populations, which should be reviewed in the future if management and restoration of this species is needed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.191-197
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• 2020

The purpose of this was to examine the differences of large whopper swan (Cygnus cygnus) in wintering habitat preference among bridge sections of the lower Nakdong River of the Nakdong River Estuary, the largest whopper swan's wintering habitat in Korea. This species is designated and protected as Natural Monument in Korea. The survey was conducted in six time-series during the 2018~2019 wintering season, and it found up to 500 whopper swans were wintering in the lower Nakdong River. For the survey, a seven sections were set up based on the bridges across the river. Whopper swans were rarely observed in five narrow sections where the distance between bridges was less than 2 km. The stable population of the whopper swan was observed only in two broader sections where the distance between bridges was is over 4 km. As these sections were relatively little affected by artificial interference, the distance from the mouth of the Nakdong River was not a factor. Securing a stable space is considered as one of the most important factors for wintering of whopper swans, which are an endangered species. The survey results indicate that the distance between bridges should be at least 4 km to secure the whopper swan's stable habitat. These results are expected to be a reference to the development or restoration of the river ecosystems, especially bridge construction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.98-109
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• 2011

Habitat restoration initiative is an important factor for the on-site preservation of butterflies. A new habitat necessitates the investigation of the ecology of the butterfly, the landscape of the habitat, the work process, and a cost analysis. In this study, these factors were analyzed through1) re-consideration of the secured results from three years of field work, and 2) a habitat area estimation conducted according to the presence or absence of larvae and adults via a Parnassius bremeri Bremer survey. The investigation of the natural habitat, done for both larvae and adult butterflies found in South Korea, suggested that multiple patches with a minimum size exceeding $300m^2$ and with an average size of about $1,600m^2$were required for survival of this butterfly. Therefore, more than five patches should be considered for butterfly habitat and patches should have similarity to the present habitat environment with transplantation plans for diet plants and honeydew plants. In addition, to activate the migration of the butterfly, cutting down trees that are obstacles to migration, minimizing the distance between patches and the addition of a stepping patch are also required. A patch connectivity analysis showed that patches should be located within 300m of neighboring patches, as the migration of the butterfly will fail if it is more than 600m. Additionally, more than $10,000m^2$ for a single patch or a patch network composed more than five patches over $1,600m^2$ in size were recommended, with a total patch size of $8,000m^2$. Additionally, neighboring multiple patch networks are more desirable than a single habitat in the event a cyclic habitat pattern arises. In this study, we suggest a habitat restoration and optimal prerequisites for a butterfly habitat. It is expected that this research will lead to the creation of a good model for the restoration of butterfly species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.112-122
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• 2003

This study was carried out to offer the raw data for the conservation of plant ecosystem in Chungcheongbuk-do with systematic grasping the vascular plant in Mt. Midong and to establish the accurate countermeasure of conservation on the rare species as well as to restore their habitats. The vascular plant species in Mt. Midong were summarized as 303 taxa; 81 families, 215 genus, 262 species, 38 varieties and 3 forms. The rare plants designated by Korea Forestry Service were two taxa; Polygonatum stenophyllum, Hylomecon hylomeconoides. The nine taxa were recorded in the surveyed sites as the endemic plants; Melandryum seoulense, Hylomecon hylomeconoides, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora, Filipendula palmata var. glabra, Ajuga spectabilis, Weigela subsessilis, Lonicera coreana, Cirsium setidens and Saussurea seoulensis. And the naturalized plants were twelve taxa; Rumex crispus, Lepidium apetalum, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Tyifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Hibiscus trionum, Oenothera odorata, Ambrosia artemisifolia var. elatior, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Taraxacum officinale and Sonchus oleraceus.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.355-362
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• 2011

Bog bean (Menyanthes trifoliata L.) is an endangered species in Korea and a perennial macrophyte with long rhizome, inhabiting in oligotrophic fen or edges of montane lakes. To decide appropriate substrate type for restoration of this plant, we investigated the effect of substrates (e.g. water, Sphagnum mat, paddy soil) on growth of bog bean. There were two water conditions on paddy soils: saturated and flooded. We planted 10cm rhizome in mesocosms and measured coverage, leaf area, leaf number and rhizome biomass. Bog bean growed until August in water and Sphagnum mat and until October in paddy soil. Rhizome biomass at the end of November were 49, 77, 239, and 312g in water, Sphagnum mat, paddy soil with water saturated, and paddy soil with water flooded conditions, respectively. The results indicate that bog bean can grow better in paddy soil which have higher nutrient than water or Sphagnum mat which represents natural habitat condition of bog bean. This reveals that actual ecological niche of bog bean is different from fundamental ecological niche in substrate. For successful restoration of bog bean in nutrient rich area, it is necessary to know the competitiveness of bog bean in various substrate conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2013

This study was conducted to understand the habitat characteristics of Psilotum nudum of Dosuncheon river and Anduck valley in Jeju Island. The total of 79 vascular plants taxa including 39 families, 58 genera, 75 species and 4 varieties were investigated in Dosuncheon river, while 59 vascular plants taxa consisting of 34 families, 50 genera, 53 species and 6 varieties were investigated in Anduck valley. When it comes to the life form, the rates of distribution of annual plants (therophytes) at the mouth of Dosuncheon river and Anduck valley were lower than those of the Korean peninsula and Jeju Island. However, the rates of distribution of chamaephytes and epiphytes were higher at the mouth of Dosuncheon river and Anduck valley. As for vegetation, epiphytes (such as Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. majus and Lemmaphyllum microphyllum) and adiantum plants (including Psilotum nudum, Cytomium fortunei and Rumohra aristata), which are typically easy to be dispersed in rocky zones, dominated these areas since they are vertical or horizontal joints containing wide rocky zones. The main threats to the habitats of Psilotum nudum are environmental pollution, lack of publicity, installation of various facilities such as recreational facilities, gathering for medical and horticulture purposes, vegetation succession and application of waterfront. The management of the rocky zones as habitats for Psilotum nudum is an important factor in their expansion.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.92-99
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• 2018

Feeding ecology of endangered Korean endemic miho spine loach, Cobitis choii, was investigated in Jicheon Stream, Geumgang River, Korea to provide ecological characteristics and baseline data for its restoration. C. choii is active during daylight hours above sand from March to October when the water temperature exceeded $13^{\circ}C$, but tended hibernate in the stream bottoms (sand) in the winter months (November~February) when the water temperature was lower than $13^{\circ}C$. They fed (index of relative importance, IRI) mainly Diptera (69.9%), Copepoda (23.2%), Arcellidae (2.3%), Branchiopoda (2.0%) and Ploima (2.0%). And their small juvenile (age 0+) fed mainly small size, Ploima and Branchiopoda, however, they ate mainly large size, Chilonomidae, while growing to adult fish (age 2+~3+).

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.256-266
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• 2016

A total of 13,000 individuals of Dendrobium moniliforme (L.) Sw. artificially propagated in laboratories and greenhouses were restored in their natural habitat of Bogildo Island, Wandogun, in the southern part of Korea in June of 2013. The growing conditions of the individuals were monitored for two years. The parental individuals for the restoration were obtained from a wild population in southern Korea, from which seeds were produced via artificial crossings. These seeds were germinated and cultivated in growing media and two-year-old plants were then grown in greenhouse beds. The genetic diversity among the propagated individuals was confirmed by examining DNA sequences of five regions of the chloroplast genome and the nuclear ITS region. The diversity values were as high as the average values of natural populations. All propagated individuals were transplanted into two different sites on Bogildo by research teams with local residents and national park rangers. After restoration, we counted and measured the surviving individuals, vegetative propagated stems, and growth rates in June of both 2014 and 2015. There was no human interference, and 97% of the individuals survived. The number of propagules increased by 227% in two years. In contrast, the average length of the stems decreased during the period. In addition, different survival and propagation rates were recorded depending on the host plants and the restored sites. The shaded sides of rock cliffs and the bark of Quercus salicina showed the best propagation rates, followed by the bark of Camellia japonica. A few individuals of D. moniliforme successfully flowered, pollinated, and fruited after restoration. Overall, our monitoring data over two years indicate that the restored individuals were well adapted and vigorously propagated at the restored sites. In order to prevent human disturbance of the restored sites, a CCTV monitoring system powered by a solar panel was installed after the restoration. In addition, a human surveillance system is operated by national park rangers with local residents.