• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.191-202
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• 2001

Human being has extensively invaded, occupied, and used the natural environment as a consequence of the advance of civilization. Mankind has increasingly modified the environment for his own benefit. Such modification has not only caused the extinction of many other species but also, caused human being himself to confront to serious environmental problems. The recognition of this fact by human is expressed in the establishment and development of restoration ecology. This new study fold is, in fact, an "Eco-technology" directed towards healing of damages to the environment. The goal is to reestablish processes and functions in a damaged site, imitating the way of healing works that an integral natural system carries out. Ecological restoration uses different treatments and approaches according to extents of the existing damage and to the specific goal to be achieved. An ecological diagnosis is, therefore, required prior to restoration practice. The cost and efforts to achieve a proposed goal can be significantly reduced when a restoration plan is formulated upon the results of well-conducted ecological diagnosis. Under such perspectives, restoration ecology is a practical science, which aims to solve the problems of the real world based on the existing ecological principle. Furthermore, restoration ecology offers opportunities to test the ecological concepts and theories obtained by means of the former ecological studies. Human being exploited natural environment excessively for his comfort on one hand but damaged it inevitably on the other hand. Such intensive resource utilization and continuous environmental damaging will extend into the future and ultimately jeopardize the survival of humankind if no prompt action is taken. In the present situation, we must not continue such lives without any preparation. We have to cope with the environmental crises approaching near us by pursuing the ecological restoration that reduce the unnecessary use, recruit the deficient part, and strengthen the weak portion in our environment. Restoration ecology could be recognized as the ecology for the future in such viewpoints.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.1236-1241
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• 2013

This study was conduct in order to provide information on formula optimization, salinity, and water content for commercialization of traditional buckwheat Soksungjang. To do this, we determined quality characteristics such as total microbial flora counts, amino-type nitrogen content, total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, and performed a sensory evaluation. The moisture contents showed a gradual decrease during the fermentation period. There was no significant difference in all samples. During 70 days of fermentation, the pH showed a similar trend starting at a pH of 6, and dropping sharply to 5.5, except Experiment C (15% buckwheat powder in the meju, 10% NaCl, and 130% water in the total Soksungjang). On the other hand, total acidity increased regularly, however, its ranges were various points in all samples. The microbial population was reduced by 1~3 log cycle in all samples during the fermentation period. The content of amino-type nitrogen showed a gradual increase during fermentation, ranging from 160 to 213 mg% after 70 days. No remarkable difference in total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity was observed in all samples. In sensory evaluation, Soksungjang with 30% (control) and 15% (Experiment C) buckwheat showed a significantly higher overall score.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.21-26
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• 2016

Soil particle shape analysis was conducted with sands from Jumujun, Korea and Ras Al Khair, Saudi Arabia. Two hundred times enlarged digital images of the particles of those two sands were obtained with an optical microscope. The resolution of the digital images was $640{\times}320$. By conducting digital image processing, the coordinates of the soil particle boundary were extracted. After mapping those coordinates to the complex space, Fourier transformation was performed and the coefficients of each trigonometry term were computed. The coefficients reflect the shape characteristics of the sand grains and are invariant to translation. To evaluate the shape itself excluding the size of the soil particle, the coefficient was normalized by the equivalent radius of soil particle; this is called Fourier descriptor. After analyzing the Fourier descriptors, it was found that the major characteristics of Jumunjin and Ras Al Khair sands were elongation and asymmetry. Furthermore, it was found that the particle shapes reflect the self-similar, fractal nature of the textural features. The effects of resolution on soil particle shape analysis was also studied. Regarding this, it was found that the significant Fourier descriptors were not significantly affected by the image resolution investigated in this study, but the descriptors associated with textural features were affected.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2008

$La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_3$ films were deposited on $SiO_2$/Si and Si substrates annealed at $350^{\circ}C$ by rf magnetron sputtering. The oxygen gas flow rates were varied as 0, 40, and 80 sccm. Without post annealing process, $La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_3$ thin films on $SiO_2$/Si and Si substrates were polycrystalline with (100), (110), and (200) growth planes. The grain size of $La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_3$ thin films was increased with increasing oxygen gas flow rate. The sheet resistance of $La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_3$ thin films was decreased with oxygen flow rate due to the increased grain size which induced a reduction of grain boundary. TCR (temperature coefficient of resistance) values of $La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}MnO_3$ thin films were obtained from -2.0% to -2.2%.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.12
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• pp.31-36
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• 1972

These studies were carried out to find out the proper plant spacing and the optimum amount of nitrogen for maximum yield, on the occasion of early planting with creen vegetable (soybean for cook with rice) at the low temperature in early spring. The plant spacing were applied in 5 levels (50cm$\times$5cm, 50cm$\times$10cm, 40cm$\times$10cm, 30cm$\times$10cm and 30cm$\times$20cm) and the amount of nitrogen were applied in 4 levels (non, standard, twice and triple-amount), The triple super phosphate and potassium chloride were applied only in standard amount. The promotion of flowering was practised by the short-day treatment for 10 days (11 hr. a day). The variety examined was the early maturing one, HOKKAI # 1. and the results are as follow. 1. The plant spacing for maximum yield by the promotion of branch, pod and garin per a plant recognized the fact that there were 2 levels (50cm$\times$10cm and 30cm$\times$20cm planting method) and the maximum yield by the promotion of pod and grain per area showed the fact that there were 2 levels (50cm$\times$5cm and 30cm$\times$10cm planting method) in narrow planting method. 2. The optimum amount of nitrogen applied for maximum yield of pod and grain per area recognized w hat was sufficient as standard amount.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the effect on agricultural environment and crop productivity by different amount of applied fertilizer in consideration of irrigation water quality. N, P and K contents of irrigation water used in this experiment were 6.16, 0.26 and 9.37 mg/L, respectively. N, P and K Concentrations of runoff water were lower than those of inflow water during rice cultivation. N, P and K Concentrations of ponded and percolated water were changed according to the amount and time of applied fertilization. During rice cultivation in paddy soil, nitrogen balance was closed to 0 in SFT 50% (50% level of soil testing fertilization), 0.14 kg/ha, but it was 95.3 kg/ha in CF (conventional fertilization) treatment In SW 50% and STF (soil testing fertilization) treatment yield of perfect rice was not greatly different as compared with CF treatment due to the superiority of ripening rate, 1,000 grains weight and milling characteristics. Mechanical paratability of rice was excellent in NF (non fertilization) treatment, STF 50% treatment showed higher in nutrient availability and fertilizers use efficiency than other treatments.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.312-318
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• 2017

The shelf life of 1,2-indandione/zinc (1,2-IND/Zn) solution and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution, which are known as reagents for developing latent fingermarks deposited on the surface of thermal paper, was studied. The standard latent fingermarks used for comparisons were artificial latent fingermarks printed on thermally sensitive and non-sensitive surfaces with the same intensity. Upon treatment of standard latent fingermarks with the pre-mixed 1,2-IND/Zn and PVP solutions, the fingermarks could be successfully developed until 3 days after the preparation of the mixture. However, from the third day after mixing the reagents, blackening was observed on the surface of the thermal paper, indicating deterioration of the reagent performance. The 1,2-IND/Zn and PVP solutions separately stored without mixing in advance were mixed immediately before use, and the development efficiency of the latent fingermarks deposited on the surface of thermal paper was observed. The performance of the PVP solution decreased after 20 days from the preparation of the reagent. It was also found that the shelf life of 1,2-IND/Zn and PVP mixture was determined by the PVP solution. The effect of oxygen and moisture on the degradation of PVP was investigated. It was found that the performance of the PVP solution deteriorated because of the influence of moisture, though it was not affected by oxygen.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1-25
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• 1989

가죽나무 (Alianthus altissima Swingle) 수간(樹幹)의 지항고(地上高) 180cm 부위(部位)에 19mm 너비의 플라스틱 밴드를 결체(結締)하여 1년간(年間) 방치(放置)한 후 이 밴드를 결체(結締)하여 주므로써 수가(樹幹)을 둘러싸는 원반형태(圓盤形態)의 과대(過大)한 비대생장(肥大生長) 조직(組織)인 종양상조직(腫瘍狀組織)(tumorous tissue)이 형성(形成)되고 이러한 종양상(腫瘍狀) 조직(組織)의 원반(圓盤)과 상하(上下)에 위치(位置)한 정상형태(正常形態)의 원반(圓盤)을 채취(採取)하여 해부학적(解剖學的) 차이(差異)를 조직학적(組織學的) 특성(特性)면에서 조사(調査) 비교(比較)하였다. 종양상(腫瘍狀) 부위(部位)에서는 이상적(異常的)으로 넓은 연륜폭(年輪幅)을 지니는 중양재(腫瘍材)(tumor wood)가 밴드 해체(解締) 다음 해인 제(第)3연륜(年輪)에서 형성(形成)되었으며 밴드 결체기간(結締期間)중에 생장(生長)한 제(第)2연륜내(年輪內)에서는 내부(內部)로 발달(發達)된 변색재(變色材)(discolored wood)와 외부(外部)로 발달(發達)한 정상재색(正常材色)을 구분하는 방어대(防禦帶)(barrier zone)가 형성(形成)되어 있었으며 이 종양상(腫瘍狀) 부위(部位)의 상하(上下)에 위치(位置)한 정상형태(正常形態)의 부위(部位)에서는 정상재색(正常材色)을 나타내는 제(第)2연륜내(年輪內)에 방어대(防禦帶)에 해당하는 위연륜상대(僞年輪狀帶)(false ring-like zones)가 형성(形成)되어 있었는데 이러한 방어대(防禦帶)와 위연륜상대(僞年輪狀帶)는 비정상적(非正常的)으로 과다한 이상형태(異常形態)의 유세포(柔細胞)와 상해(傷害)검구(溝) 및 검강(腔)으로 구성되어 있는 특징(特徵)을 나타내고 있다. 종양상(腫瘍狀) 부위(部位)에 있어서 종양재((腫瘍材)인 제(第)3연륜(年輪)과 방어대(防禦帶)후에 발달(發達)한 제(第)2연륜부분(年輪部分)은 불규칙(不規則)한 연륜계(年輪界), 매우 불규칙적(不規則的)인 구조(構造)를 지니는 이상조직(異常組織), 비정상적(非正常的)인 형태(形態)를 나타내는 목섬유(木纖維) 및 도관요소(導管要素), 비정상적(非正常的)인 형태(形態)를 지니는 방사조직(放射組織)을 가지며 추재부(秋材部)에 고립관공(孤立管孔) 및 복합관공(複台管孔)이 발달(發達)하며 스트랜드유세포(柔細胞)와 방사유세포(放射柔細胞)에 결정(結晶)이 존재(存在)한다는 면에서 서로 유사(類似)하였다. 그리고 제(第)3연륜(年輪)인 종양재(腫瘍材)의 춘재부(春材部) 관공(管孔)의 수(數)는 정상재(正常材)보다 작은 것으로 나타났다.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.71-75
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• 2015

Playground is frequently used for physical and sports activity by students as well as by common people, which is constructed with various cover materials on the ground. This research surveyed the surface temperature in Kyungpook National University Sangju campus playground which is covered with various cover materials [bare field, zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) turf field, urethane track, concrete field, epoxy field and artificial turf field] in Sangju, Gyeongsangbukdo, Korea. Temperature was measured 4 times per day at 09:00, 12:00, 15:00, and 18:00 from May to October 2014 in surface and 1 m height above the ground. Surface temperature was different, depending on cover materials and survey time. Bare field and zoysiagrass turf field was lower surface temperature than other sites. Higher surface temperature site was different depending on survey time. Urethane track and artificial turf field was hotter than other sites at 12 and 15 hours, however concrete and epoxy field was hot at 18 hours. One meter above ground temperature was the highest in artificial turf field except at 18 hours. So natural turf, zoysiagrass playground will increase the athletic performance by reduce the surface and above ground temperature.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.309-320
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• 1985

The crustal structure of the southern part of the Korean peninsula has been investigated based on the results of processing and anlaysis of gravity data. The processing techniques involve i) seperation of regional and residual anomalies by polynomial fittings, ii) power spectral analyses to determine the mean depth to the crustal base, iii) a filtering operation called "high-cut filtering and resampling," and iv) downward continuation to determine the undulation of the crustal base. The Bouguer anomalies show a lineation in the NE-SW direction which is the same as that of most mountains and tectonic lines of this area. The mean crustal depth is found to be 34km. The depth of the crustal base is varying in the estimated range of 26km to 36km with a thinner crust below the east coast than that of the west coast. The relief of the crustal base is appeared to be correlated with the regional surface topography. The linear regression relations computed between elevations and gravity anomalies indicate that the crust of this area seems to be not in perfect isostatic equilibrium but a little undercompensated state.