• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.676-681
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• 2010

Melamine has been used to increase the protein contents of powdered foods by adding a nitrogen source. Samples were prepared by blending melamine with powdered products such as powdered milk and coffee whitener. Melamine was added at ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 50:50, 30:70, and 0:100 (w/w), respectively. A Mass Spectrometry-based Electronic Nose and DFA (discriminant function analysis) were used to determine the amount of melamine. The electronic nose results were completely separated by the mixing ratios of melamine.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2009

Last year, an epidemic of infantile urinary stone disease developed in China. Investigation revealed that melamine-tainted diary product caused urinary stone in these infants. Young infants were susceptible to the melamine toxicity and dehydration or other stone-prone factors aggravated the toxicity. Melamine-related urinary stones were small, multiple, and mainly composed of uric acid, thus conservative treatment of hydration and urine alkalinization worked well in majority of the patients.

• Vending industry
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.51-57
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• 2008

왜 자판기 커피가 못 마실 음료처럼 비난을 받아야 하죠? 일부 미니 커피자판기에 사용된 원료 문제를 마치 전체 자판기 문제인 냥 떠들어 때는 매스컴이 정말 원망스럽습니다. -자판기 운영업자 K씨- A급 원료를 쓰고 있는데도 불구하고 마치 죄인 마냥 '멜라민 커피프림을 쓰지 않는다'는 해명문구를 써서 부쳐야 하니 정말 열불이 나더군요." -자판기 운영업자 P씨- 올 가을은 그야말로 중국산 멜라민 파동이 식품 업계 전반이 휘몰아친 한해였다. 해태제과의 '미사랑 카스타드'로 불붙은 멜라민 파동은 제작 전반을 걸쳐 자판기 커피프림 분야로도 불똥이 튀었다. 식품의약품안전청은 중국산 커피프림 원료를 수입하는 3개 업체의 10개 제품을 조사한 결과, 유창FC의 '베지터블 크림 파우더 F25에서 멜라민 1.5ppm이 나왔다'고 밝혔다. 이 크림은 41톤이 수입되어 25톤이 시중에 팔려나갔으며, 주로 자동판매기용 믹스커피나 커피전문점에 사용한 것으로 보도가 되어 일파만파로 파문이 확산되었다. 대부분의 매스컴 보도는 '자판기 커피프림에 멜라민이 들어갔고, 그래서 마셔서는 안 된다'는 식으로 과당보도가 되다 보니 소비자들의 분노의 불신이 걷잡을 수 없이 커졌다. 이에 자판기 커피 매출을 뚝 떨어 졌고, 그 동안 애용했던 자판기 커피에 등을 돌리는 사람들이 많아 졌다. 마치 자판기 커피가 식품안전을 위협하는 원흉이나 되는 듯한 분위기였다. 그런데 이런 뜻하지 않은 악재가 자판기 업계로 보면 억울하기 그지없는 일이다. 이번에 문제가 된 것은 식당 등에 설치된 '미니 커피자판기' 일부에 해당되는데도 불구하고 매스컴 보도는 전체 자판기가 문제가 된다는 식이었다. 대다수의 매스컴이 미니 커피자판기와 대형 커피자판기를 구분하는 개념도 없다보니 문제가 없는 대형 자판기를 불똥이 튈 수밖에 없었다. 또한 미니 커피자판기에서 그런 원료가 투출되기 쉬운 열악한 사업특성에 대해서도 언급을 하지 않았다. 일부분의 문제를 '침소봉대'하여 전체의 문제인 것처럼 보도하는 매스컴의 무책임한 태도가 가뜩이나 어려운 자판기 산업계에 직격탄을 날렸다. 대다수의 자판기, 특히 대형자판기들은 억울하기 그지없는 일이다. 이번 커피자판기 멜라민 사태를 통해 과연 매스컴 보도가 무엇이 잘못되었고, 산업계에 어떠한 과제를 내던졌는지를 심층 진단했다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Sanitation Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.69-80
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• 2006

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.125-141
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• 2011

Melamine has raised international concerns for its catastrophic health effects from tainted infant formula. This report concerns the developmental validation of a sensitive HPLC/MS/MS and GC/MS methods about melamine and cyanuric acid in human urine and serum. Analytical detection ranges of LC/MS was from 0.2 to 5.0 ng/mL and 2.0 to 60.0 ng/mL about melamine and cyanuric acid, respectively. The limits of quantification and confirmation are 0.2 ng/mL for both analytes in human urine and serum by LC/MS/MS. The range of recovery was 91.6%, and 107.6% for cyanuric acid and melamine in urine, respectively. The range of precision coefficient variation was from 2.0%, to 11.8% for cyanuric acid and melamine in urine. The range of recovery was from 94.9%, to 119.0% about cyanuric acid and melamine in serum, respectively. The range of precision coefficient variation from was 3.7%, and 13.5% about cyanuric acid and melamine in serum. Analytical detection ranges of GC/MS were 5.0 to 100.0 ng/mL about melamine and cyanuric acid, respectively. The limits of quantification and confirmation are 5.0 ng/mL for both analytes in human urine and serum by GC/MS. The range of recovery was from 83.7%, to 114.5% for cyanuric acid and melamine in urine, respectively. The range of precision coefficient variation was 3.5%, and 10.7% for cyanuric acid and melamine in urine. The range of recovery was 94.4%, and 110.7% for cyanuric acid and melamine in serum, respectively. The range of precision coefficient variation from was 3.9%, and 13.8% for cyanuric acid and melamine in serum. Several changes were taken to optimize performance by this method.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.296-298
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 압출성형에서 Nylon6 를 기재로 멜라민계 난연제를 사용하여 난연성 및 물성평가를 비교, 분석하였다. 멜라민계 난연제를 선택한 이유는 탈할로겐화 추세에 일조를 하며 연기가 적고, 생분해를 하는 물질이기 때문에 큰 장점이 있다. 또한 새로운 제품 및 적용범위를 발굴하기가 상대적으로 용이하다는 장점이 있기 때문에 멜라민계 난연제를 선택하였다. 난연 Test는 UL-94 측정방법을 이용하였고 물성평가는 UTM 측정기기로 인장강도, 연신율, 굴곡강도, 굴곡탄성율 측정하였다. 또 충격강도 시험기로 충격강도를 측정하였고, 물성평가 경우에는 난연제로 인한 물성저하를 최소화 하기위해 Nano-clay 를 첨가하여 비교하였다. 연구결과는 난연 Test 경우 난연제의 함량이 $5wt\%$ 이상이면 V0급으로 나왔고 물성평가에서는 Nanoclay를 첨가한 실험이 물성저하를 대처할 수 있을 정도의 결과로 보여 진다.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2014

Formaldehyde and phenol used in the production of melamine-wares may be intended to come into foodstuffs. So this study investigated the migration of formaldehyde and phenol from 222 articles Articles were cups(14), bowls(75), plates(85), spoons(10), chopsticks(4), food trays(8), rice paddles(4), spatulas(9) and scoops(12). The food stimulants were 4% acetic acid, 20% ethanol, distilled water and n-heptane. Korea regulation (Standards and specifications for food utensils, containers and package) specifies migration limits for formaldehyde and phenol in food stimulants. Formaldehyde and phenol are restricted by 4 mg/L, 5 mg/L respectively. In all cases the migration of formaldehyde and phenol were below the limit set in Korea regulation. The level of formaldehyde and phenol migrated to food simulants were in the range of N.D~2.949 mg/L, N.D~0.078 mg/L respectively. These migration results of formaldehyde and phenol will provide a scientific basis for the safety management of melamine-wares.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.93-98
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• 2017

The fixing behaviors of raw silk yarns treated with melamine and formaldehyde at a molar ratio of 1:3 for trimethylolmelamine were investigated. Sericin was fixed during the fixing process, but a part of sericin I was removed simultaneously by hot water. The weight losses by fixing and the degumming losses by degumming greatly decreased with increasing concentrations of melamine and formaldehyde. The silk yarns fixed with 0.011 M melamine and 0.033M formaldehyde were significantly degummed due to the insufficient fixation of sericin and the alkaline hydrolysis of sericin by sodium carbonate during the degumming process. On the other hand, the silk yarns fixed with 0.055M melamine and 0.165M formaldehyde were degummed slightly (the degumming losses of 3-8%) due to the strong fixation of sericin, which might result from the many cross-linkages between the sericin I molecules, which were formed by trimethylolmelamine. Those fixed with the fixing solution containing 15% owf softener showed the lowest weight and degumming losses because under the condition of 15% owf softener, the cation of the softener can effectively form ionic bonds with the negatively charged side chain of aspartic acid in sericin. In addition, van der Waals' forces may be also formed between the hydrophobic tail of the softener and the hydrophobic region of sericin, which may help inhibit the removal of sericin I.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2004

A melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin, based on 5 percent melamine addition of the resin solids weight, was synthesized in the laboratory for particleboard (PB) manufacture. Laboratory PBs were made with the MUF resin at three press times (3, 4, 5 min) and two resin application rates (6, 8 percent). Enclosed caul system was used for collecting the exhaust gases materials generated during the hot-pressing of PBs. Exhaust gases materials generated inside the enclosed caul during the hot-pressing of PBs were collected in a controlled air stream. Formaldehyde from the exhaust gases collected was determined per a chromotropic method of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Method 3500. The measurement results showed that formaldehyde emissions during the hot-pressing of PB significantly increased with increasing press time, and MUF resin application rates. PB' performance test results showed that internal bond (IB) of PB made with 3-minute press time exceeded the minimum requirement for KS F 3104 PB type 8.0.

• Composites Research
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.408-415
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• 2023

The formation of bonding configurations such as pyridinic-N, pyrrolic-N, and graphitic-N by nitrogen doping plays a crucial role in imparting distinct physical properties to carbon nanomaterials. In this study, we propose a simple and cost-effective approach to regulate nitrogen dopant configurations in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by mixing melamine as a dopant source. We employed three distinct mechanical mixing techniques, namely magnetic stirring, bath sonication and tip sonication. The higher the ratio of melamine to CNT, the higher the ratio of Pyrrolic-N, and when mixed through stirring, the highest ratio of Pyridinic-N was shown. The facile method proposed in this study, which can easily form various types of nitrogen dopants in carbon nanotubes, is expected to facilitate the application of nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials.