• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.111-115
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• 2008

본 실험은 월동 전후 물장군 개체군의 형태적 차이를 구명하고자 경기도 교동도에서 채집된 월동 전후 관계가 명확한 성충 개체들(월동 전후 개체군)과 실험실에서 사육으로 얻은 성충 개체들(사육개체군)을 대조군으로 이용하여 일반적인 외부형태를 비교 관찰하였다. 관찰의 결과, 월동 전후 개체군간의 외부구조에 있어서의 근본적인 차이는 발견되지 않았으나, 앞다리 밑마디의 연결 부위에 위치한 앞가슴 배면의 가장자리와 앞다리 넓적마디의 종아리마디 연결 부위는 월동 후 개체군에서 크게 마모되어 있었다. 또한 월동 전 개체군에서는 가운데 다리 발톱 길이가 2번째 발목마디의 1/2이상이었으나, 월동 후 개체군에서는 1/2미만이었다. 반날개(hemelytra)로 되어 있는 물장군 앞날개 막질부분의 가장자리는 월동 후 개체군에서 크게 찢겨 마모되었고, 날개와 마찰이 일어나는 배마디 등면 중 5번째 배마디 표면의 털의 수가 월동 후 개체군에서 현저히 감소하였다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.42-49
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• 2015

Because of the growing need for high-speed transport options such as trains and aircraft, there is increasing demand for technology related to high-speed trains. Among them, braking systems are important in high-speed trains in terms of reliability. Especially, the disk brake system, in use in most high-speed trains, transforms kinetic energy into thermal energy and noise. Therefore, the material properties of both the friction materials and disks are expected to influence the tribological characteristics. In this paper, the tribological characteristics depend on the hardness of the brake disks between the Cu-based sintered metallic friction material and the heat-treated heat-resisting steel disks. A lab-scale dynamometer used to perform braking tests at a variety of braking speeds using dry conditions. The test results revealed that the hardness of the disks affects the friction coefficients, friction stabilities, and wear rates. Thus, the brake system using the heat-resisting steel disk requires proper heat-treatment. These differences are considered to be caused by the change in tribological mechanisms and the generation of an oxide layer on the friction surfaces. The oxide layers on the friction surfaces are confirmed to Fe₂O₃ by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2022

Diamond reinforced Cr-based coating has been proposed as wear-resistant materials. In this study, the friction and wear characteristics of diamond reinforced Cr-based coating are experimentally assessed. The experiments are performed using a pin-on-reciprocating plate tribo-tester under various normal forces with boundary lubrication. The stainless-steel ball is used as a counter material. Prior to the experiments, mechanical properties such as elastic modulus and hardness are determined using nanoscale instrumented indentation. The hardness of the specimen is further determined using a Vickers hardness tester. The specimens before and after the experiments are carefully observed using a confocal microscope to understand the wear characteristics. In addition, the wear volume and wear rate of the specimens are determined based on the confocal microscope data. The results show that the friction coefficients are 0.096-0.100 under 20-40 N normal forces. Furthermore, the wear rates of the diamond reinforced Cr-based coating and the stainless steel ball under 20-40 N normal forces are found to be 12.8 × 10^-8 mm³/(Nm)-15.5 × 10^-8 mm³/(Nm) and 1.9 × 10^-8 mm³/(Nm)-3.9 × 10^-8 mm³/(Nm), respectively. However, the effect of the normal force on wear rates is not clearly observed, which may be associated with the flattening of the ball. The results of the study may be useful for the tribological applicability of diamond reinforced Cr-based coating as wear-resistant materials.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2024

본 논문에서는 다이나믹크리깅 대리모델 기반 자동차 브레이크 패드 마모량 측정센서 브라켓의 설계최적화를 소개한다. 브레이크 작동시 마찰재 바닥의 온도가 600℃ 이상으로 상승하고, 이 열이 전달되어 센서의 기능을 상실시킨다. 따라서 열전달을 최소화하는 브라켓 형상의 설계최적화는 필수적이다. 최적화에 소요되는 계산비용을 절감하기 위해 다이나믹크리깅 대리모델로 열전달 시뮬레이션을 대체하였다. 다이나믹크리깅은 최적의 상관함수와 기저함수를 선정하였으며, 정확한 대리모델을 도출하였다. 최적화 결과 센서위치의 온도가 초기모델에 비해 7.57% 감소하였으며, 이를 열전달 시뮬레이션으로 다시 한번 확인하여 대리모델 기반 최적설계가 유의미함을 검증하였다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.193-197
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• 2011

Friction behavior of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide(AAO) film was investigated. A 60 ${\mu}m$ thick AAO film having nanopores of 45 nm diameter with 105 nm interpore-diatance was fabricated by mild anodization process. The AAO film was then saturated with paraffinic oil. Reciprocating ball-on-flat sliding friction tests using 1 mm diameter steel ball as the counterpart were carried out with normal load ranging from 0.1 N to 1 N in an ambient environment. The morphology of worn surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The friction coefficient significantly increased with the increase of load. The boundary lubrication layer of paraffinic oil contributed to the lower friction at relatively low load (0.1 N), but it is less effective at high load (1 N). Plastic deformed layer patches were formed on the worn surface of oil-enriched AAO at relatively low load (0.1 N) without evidence of tribochemical reaction. On the other hand, thick tribolayers were formed on the worn surface of both oil-enriched and as-prepared AAO at relatively high load (1 N) due to tribochemical reaction and material transfer.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.356-361
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• 2019

The friction and wear between machine components directly influence the energy loss and failure in various machines. Therefore, there is always a demand for finding methods to reduce friction and wear. Of the possible methods, lubrication is a widely used method for reducing friction and wear. In the case of lubrication, it is important to analyze the tribological behavior in the boundary lubrication because most of friction and wear occurs in the boundary lubrication regime. Cast iron has been regarded as a good material for industrial applications due to the excellent mechanical properties and high productivity. Especially, nodular cast iron is a material that shows better mechanical properties and wear-resistance compared with cast iron due to inclusion of spheroidal graphite. In this work, we investigated the tribological characteristics of nodular cast iron with respect to different counter parts in boundary lubrication regime. Sliding tests were conducted with SUJ2, ZrO₂, Si₃N₄ balls as counter parts using a pin-on-disk type tribotester. The results showed different friction and wear behaviors with different counter parts. The case of ZrO₂ showed the lowest wear rate in specimen and no significant ball wear. In case of SUJ2, it showed similar wear rate with ZrO₂ case in specimen and the highest friction coefficient. The case of Si₃N₄ showed the lowest friction coefficient, 33% lower than the case of SUJ2. It showed 16.9 times larger wear rate in specimen and 43% larger wear rate in ball compared to that of the SUJ2 case.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.723-730
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• 2012

상온의 인발공정에서 소재는 인발다이를 통과하면서 직경이 줄어들고 길이가 늘어난다. 인발다이와 소재가 접촉한 면에서의 압력과 미끄럼 운동에 의해 소재에는 탄성회복, 인발 다이에는 마찰과 마모가 생긴다. 또한, 소재의 변형 및 마찰열로 인해 소재와 다이의 온도가 상승하며 이로 인해 지정된 다이 내경으로 제품이 가공되기 어려우며 소재의 선경은 지정된 직경 또는 다이 내경과 다르게 된다. 본 논문에서는 다이의 온도분포를 고려하여 소재의 탄성회복, 다이의 탄성변형, 그리고 다이와 소재의 열변형이 인발제품의 선경변화에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 분석하였다. 네 가지 요인 중에서 소재의 탄성회복의 영향이 선경변화량의 대부분을 차지함을 확인하였다. 선경변화에 영향을 주는 인자들을 고려하여 지정된 치수와 차이를 주지 않는 초기 다이를 설계하였고, 설계된 초기 다이를 이용하여 지정된 치수의 인발제품을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제40권10호
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• pp.873-878
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• 2016

컨트롤 밸브용 SCM415강은 밸브케이스와 밸브의 지속적인 운동을 통해 마멸이 발생한다. 마멸은 밸브의 성능을 저하시키고, 사용 수명을 단축시킨다. 본 논문은 컨트롤 밸브용 모재 및 침탄 처리된 SCM415강에 대하여 마멸 특성을 평가하였다. 마멸 시험은 다양한 온도 및 하중에서 왕복동 마모시험기를 이용하여 수행되었으며, 마멸량, 비마멸율 및 마찰계수를 분석하였다. 마멸 메커니즘은 SEM을 통하여 분석하였다. 마멸량에 대한 하중과 온도의 교호작용은 MINITAB을 이용한 분산분석을 수행하였다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.62-68
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• 2015

A magnetorheological (MR) fluid is a smart material whose rheological behavior can be controlled by varying the parameters of the applied magnetic field. Because the damping force and shear force of an MR fluid can be controlled using a magnetic field, it is widely employed in many industrial applications, such as in vehicle vibration control, powertrains, high-precision grinding processes, valves, and seals. However, the characteristics of friction caused by iron particles inside the MR fluid need to be understood and improved so that it can be used in practical applications. Surface process technologies such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coatings and diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are widely used to improve the surface friction properties. This study examines the friction characteristics of an MR fluid with different surface process technologies such as PTFE coatings and DLC coatings, by using a reciprocating friction tester. The coefficients of friction are in the following descending order: MR fluid without any coating, MR fluid with a DLC coating, and MR fluid with a PTFE coating. Scanning electron microscopy is used to observe the worn surfaces before and after the experiment. In addition, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy is used to analyze the chemical composition of the worn surface. Through a comparison of the results, the friction characteristics of the MR fluid based on the different coating technologies are analyzed.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.254-261
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• 2018

In order to reduce resistance torque and energy loss, minimizing friction between race surface and rolling elements of a bearing is necessary. Recently, to reduce friction in bearing element, solid lubricant coating for the bearing raceway surface has been receiving much attention. Considering the operating conditions of real bearings, verifying the effect of solid lubricant coatings under extreme conditions of high load that is more than 1 GPa is necessary. In this study, we evaluated the friction and wear characteristics of SUJ2 bearing steels deposited by carbon-based coatings (Si-DLC, ta-C), $MoS_2$ and graphite. In case of $MoS_2$ and graphite coatings, different surface treatments were applied to the coatings to verify the effect of surface treatment. A pin-on-disc type tribotester was used to evaluate the tribological characteristics of the coatings. It was possible to quantitatively estimate the friction and wear characteristics of solid lubricant under dry and lubrication conditions. The carbon-based coatings improved the friction and wear properties of SUJ2 bearing steels under the high load condition, but $MoS_2$ and graphite coatings were not suitable for high load conditions due to its low hardness. Different friction and wear behaviors were found for different substrate surface treatment method. Also, it was confirmed that solid lubricant coatings had a more positive effect than just applying the lubricant for improving the tribological characteristics.