• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2006

It seems extremely incongruous that genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes could ever be justified or excused by 'defensive force'- self-defence, defence of others and defence of property. Nonetheless, art 31(1)(c) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court codifies defensive force as a ground for excluding criminal responsibility. This provision was controversial and extremely difficult to negotiate at the Rome Conference of 1998, largely due to the conceptual differences that exist in respect of criminal defences between the various domestic legal systems of the world. This paper analyses the drafting history and wording of art 31(1)(c) in order to clarify the precise scope of defensive force under the Rome Statute. It then seeks to ascertain the applicability of the provision to genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, and to thereby explore the nature of these crimes and the intended prosecutorial strategy of the International Criminal Court.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.44
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• pp.487-538
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• 2013

It is the most critical issue in recent international intellectual property licence disputes to decide the applicable laws to the license contracts. As Korea and the European Union(EU) reached free trade agreement(FTA), and the EU-Korea FTA entered into force on July 1, 2011, the FTA has boosted social, economic, cultural exchanges between the two. As a result of the increased transactions in those sectors, legal disputes are also expected to grow. This situation calls for extensive research and understanding of the choice of law principles applicable to international intellectual property license contracts in the EU. To decide the laws applicable to issues arising from international intellectual property license contracts disputes, the characterization of those issues is necessary for the purpose of applying private international law principles to them. In terms of characterization, intellectual property license contracts fall within contractual matters. In the EU, the primary rule of choice of law principles in contractual obligations is the Rome I Regulation. Because the choice of law rules, such as private international law principles, the Rome Convention(1980), and the Rome I Regulation, differ in the time of application, it is essential to clarify the time factor of related contracts. For example, the Rome I Regulation applies to contracts which were concluded as from December 17, 2009. Although party autonomy in international contracts disputes is generally allowed, if there is no choice of law agreement between the parties to the contracts, the objective test rule of private international law doctrine could be the best option. Following this doctrine, the Rome I Regulation Article 4, Paragraph 1 provides the governing law rules based on the types of contracts, but there is no room for intellectual property license contracts. After all, as the rule for governing law of those contracts, the Rome I Regulation Article 4, Paragraph 2 should be applied and if there are countries which are more closely connected to the contracts under the Rome I Regulation Article 4, Paragraph 3, the laws of those countries become the governing laws of the contracts. Nevertheless, if it is not possible to decide the applicable laws to the license contracts, the Rome I Regulation Article 4, Paragraph 4 should be applied in the last resort and the laws of the countries which are the most closely connected to the contracts govern the license contracts. Therefore, this research on the laws applicable to intellectual property license contracts under the Rome I Regulation suggests more systematic and effective solutions for future disputes in which Korea and the EU countries play the significant role as the connecting factors in the conflict of laws rules. Moreover, it helps to establish comprehensive and theoretical understanding of applying the Korean Private International Law to multifarious choice-of-law cases.

• 주택과사람들
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• s.197
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• pp.66-67
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• 2006

르네상스 예술을 얘기할 떄 빼놓을 수 없는 인물이 미켈란젤로 부오나로티다. 로마시대에 이탈리아에서 활약했던 그는 조각가이자 화가였으며, 동시에 건축가였다. 어느 한 가지 장르로 규정지을 수 없는 다재다능한 천재 아티스트 미켈란젤로의 건축 세계를 들여다보았다.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.367-418
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• 2018

Just as safety is the most important thing in aviation, safety is the most important in the operation of unmanned aircraft (RPA), and safety operation is the most important in the legal responsibility of the operator of the unmanned aircraft. In this thesis, the legal responsibility of the operator of the unmanned aircraft, focusing on the responsibility of the operator of the unmanned aircraft, was discussed in depth with the issue of insurance, which compensates for damages in the event of an accident First of all, the legal responsibility of the operator of the unmanned aircraft was reviewed for the most basic : definition, scope and qualification of the operator of the unmanned aircraft, and the liability of the operator of the Convention On International Civil Aviation, the ICAO Annex, the RPAS Manual, the Rome Convention, other major international treaties and Domestic law such as the Aviation Safety Act. The ICAO requires that unmanned aircraft be operated in such a manner as to minimize hazards to persons, property or other aircraft as a major principle of the operation of unmanned aircraft, which is ultimately equivalent to manned aircraft Considering that most accidents involving unmanned aircrafts fall to the ground, causing damage to third parties' lives or property, this thesis focused on the responsibility of operators under the international treaty, and the responsibility of third parties for air transport by Domestic Commercial Act, as well as the liability for compensation. In relation to the Rome Convention, the Rome Convention 1952 detailed the responsibilities of the operator. Although it has yet to come into effect regarding liability, some EU countries are following the limit of responsibility under the Rome Convention 2009. Korea has yet to sign any Rome Convention, but Commercial Act Part VI Carriage by Air is modeled on the Rome Convention 1978 in terms of compensation. This thesis also looked at security-related responsibilities and the responsibility for privacy infringement. which are most problematic due to the legal responsibilities of operating unmanned aircraft. Concerning insurance, this thesis looked at the trends of mandatory aviation insurance coverage around the world and the corresponding regulatory status of major countries to see the applicability of unmanned aircraft. It also looked at the current clauses of the Domestic Aviation Business Act that make insurance mandatory, and the ultra-light flight equipment insurance policy and problems. In sum, the operator of an unmanned aircraft will be legally responsible for operating the unmanned aircraft safely so that it does not pose a risk to people, property or other aircraft, and there will be adequate compensation in the event of an accident, and legal systems such as insurance systems should be prepared to do so.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.65-95
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• 2006

It is essential that the liability for damage on the surface caused by aircraft be regulated at international level. However, the Rome Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface of 1952 and the Montreal Protocol of 1978 did not have significant worldwide repercussions since few countries have ratified them. So the Secretariat ofthe ICAO has produced the draft Convention for the modernization of the Rome Convention in 2002 and the Special group has considered the text of the draft Convention so far. The draft Convention contains main issues with regard to the liability system of the operator and the insurability of the risks for damage to third parties on the ground. In order to protect the air transport sector of a country as well as to facilitate speedy recoveries by victims, Work on modernizing the Rome Convention should be continued and the new Convention should be finalized in the near future.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.3-27
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• 2013

Overriding Mandatory rules are laws that purport to apply irrespective of the law chosen by the parties to govern their contractual relations. This article examines their role and applicability in international arbitration. The overriding mandatory rules pose a complex and continuing problem for arbitrators because they put the interests of states and parties in direct competition. When a law says that arbitrators must apply it, yet the parties' contract excludes it, what should the arbitrators do? Where should their allegiance lie? The answer depends on the underlying nature of arbitration - and since that can be legitimately conceptualized in different ways, a principled approach to overriding mandatory rules seems to be impossible to provide. Nevertheless, a practical solution is required, because there were European cases in which courts voided valid arbitration agreements made, reasoning that arbitrators certainly would not apply and/or take into account its overriding mandatory rules of indemnity right granted to commercial agent and distributor in Europe. Therefore, this paper first examines status of overriding mandatory rules of another law in international litigation and then explores any possibility of application of overriding mandatory rules of another law in international commercial arbitration. With this analysis, the author reaches into a conclusion that the arbitrator should and/or take into account overriding mandatory rules of another law, yet should limit to them of the country where characteristic performance is made under the contract.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.17-35
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• 2014

There is no provision regarding the 'litigation on land boundary' under the Korean laws. Therefore, there are disputes in theory with respect to its nature, requirements for litigation, criteria for determination, etc., and it is necessary to establish the provisions of the law on this issue in the future. For this legislation, it is necessary to conduct a comparative consideration on laws of other countries which have completed the relevant provisions. This study, as a first step, researches a history of litigation for determination of boundary under the Roman law and medieval law, and furthermore introduces the German law which has relatively completed legal provisions on litigation for determination of boundary. In addition to common ownership litigation, the German law has established a provision on litigation for boundary as a judicial procedure considering a special place, called as a dispute on ownership of adjacent land, on the assumption that it is difficult or impossible to prove the boundary. The primary purpose of this litigation is to clarify a true boundary, and if such clarification is impossible, a boundary is discretionally created in accordance with the statutory standards under Article 920 of the German Civil Act (BGB). It means creation of the scope of land ownership by operation of decision, not only by the 'discovery of original boundary'. Both cases are different from each other in the aspect of judicial decision, but embracing them into one is a lawsuit for determination of boundary under the German law. Under the Korean legislation, it is necessary to make a theory containing two different criteria for determination into a single type of litigation, considering such aspects.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.93-101
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• 2002

석회석은 우리나라 광업법 제3조에서 규정한 법정광물로써 백운석, 대리석, 방해석 및 코퀴나 등을 포함하며, 최근 우리나라 전체 광산물 생산량의 $75\%$를 상회하는 단일광종 최대생산량을 나타내고 있는 광종이다. 이외에도 석회석 광은 여러 가지 통계적으로도 국내 최대임을 나타내는데, 즉, 2001년도 우리나라 일반광(66종) 등록광구수 5,242개소 중에서 1,494개소를 차지하여 $28.5\%$를 차지하며, 가행광산 수에서도 320개소 중 109개소$(34\%)$, 근로자 수에서는 4,291명중에서 2,748명$(64\%)$으로 최대의 규모를 가지고 있다. 실제로 석회석 및 관련제품은 오늘날 화학공업이나 환경산업 등 각종의 산업에 널리 이용되고 있으며, 그의 이용 역사에서도 유구한 역사를 가지고 있다. 즉, 고대 유적분석 결과는 이미 신석기 시대에도 석회 재료가 쓰였을 것으로 보고되고 있으며, 성경(신명기 27장 1-5절)에도 소개되고 있고, 우리나라에서의 석회 사용의 역사도 동국여지승람(성종16년), 세종실록, 문종실록 등에 석회 산지가 자세히 조사 기록되어 있으며 소성석회의 제조, 사용에 대하여도 기록하고 있다. 이외에도, 그리이스, 로마, 중국 등지의 역사에서는 건축재, 농업, 표백 및 제혁공업 등에 사용되었다는 사실이 발견되고 있지만, 석회석의 용도가 크게 증가된 것은 역시 산업혁명 이후 20세기가 시작되면서부터 라고 할 수 있다. 석회석은 국가산업구조 및 인간의 삶의 양식에 따라 그의 용도가 다양하고, 광범위하게 변화하는 만큼, 그의 품질 또한 중요하게 취급되어야 하지만, 우리나라의 경우에는 아직도 시장규모가 큰 일부용도이외에 사용자의 요구에 부합되는 다양한 품질의 석회제품을 제조하는 데에는 인색하고, 또한 사용자의 대부분은 용도가 명시되어 있는 외국의 제품을 선호하는 경향에 따라 석회석 및 관련제품의 수입량이 감소하지 않고 있다. 최근 우리나라는 국제통화기금(IMF)이후에, 국내산업을 보호하는 정부의 규제나 지원은 폐지 또는 축소되고, 외국회사의 시장참여에 의한 국제경쟁기반이 약화되고 있는 것도 사실이지만, 고 환율에 의하여 일부제품의 수입은 자제되고, 국내산 대체 방향으로 진행되고 있기 때문에, 안정되고 신뢰할 수 있는 품질의 제품을 제조하는 경우에는 오히려 국내시장의 확장에는 좋은 시기가 될 수도 있다고 판단된다. 이에 본고에서는 최근 국내 석회석 관련제품을 활용하는 사례를 분석하고 향후 유효 이용을 도모하는 데에 참고가 되었으면 하는 마음에서 작성하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.3-35
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• 2009

A concept of Aircraft crime includes an Air range, unlawful seizure of aircraft and unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation. There are international treaties and conventions which have mainly been enacted by ICAO. The following treaties and conventions are categorical and unconditional norms that any States are clearly condemned. Convention on Offences and Certain other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation, Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection In this essay, I present the meaning of the aircraft crime mentioned on the treaties above and jurisdiction of the crime. Moreover, I explain how to demand reparation for damages onboard or on the surface when an aircraft crime is occurred. Lastly, I indicate legal bases of how to protect the victims of the aircraft crime by mentioning specific cases relating to the crime.

• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.93-101
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• 2002

석회석은 우리 나라 광업법 제3조에서 규정한 법정광물로써 백운석, 대리석, 방해석 및 코퀴나 등을 포함하며, 최근 우리 나라 전체 광산물 생산량의 75%를 상회하는 단일광종 최대생산량을 나타내고 있는 광종이다. 이외에도 석회석 광은 여러 가지 통계적으로도 국내 최대임을 나타내는데, 즉, 2001년도 우리 나라 일반광(66종) 등록광구수 5,242개소 중에서 1,494개소를 차지하여 28.5%를 차지하며, 가행광산 수에서도 320개소 중 109개소(34%), 근로자 수에서는 4,291명중에서 2,748명(64%)으로 최대의 규모를 가지고 있다. 실제로 석회석 및 관련제품은 오늘날 화학공업이나 환경산업 등 각종의 산업에 널리 이용되고 있으며, 그의 이용 역사에서도 유구한 역사를 가지고 있다. 즉, 고대 유적분석 결과는 이미 신석기 시대에도 석회 재료가 쓰였을 것으로 보고되고 있으며, 성경(신명기 27장 1～5절)에도 소개되고 있고, 우리 나라에서의 석회 사용의 역사도 동국여지승람(성종16년), 세종실록, 문종실록 등에 석회 산지가 자세히 조사 기록되어 있으며 소성석회의 제조, 사용에 대하여도 기록하고 있다. 이외에도, 그리이스, 로마, 중국 등지의 역사에서는 건축재, 농업, 표백 및 제혁공업등에 사용되었다는 사실이 발견되고 있지만, 석회석의 용도가 크게 증가된 것은 역시 산업혁명 이후 20세기가 시작되면서부터 라고 할 수 있다. 석회석은 국가산업구조 및 인간의 삶의 양식에 따라 그의 용도가 다양하고, 광범위하게 변화하는 만큼, 그의 품질 또한 중요하게 취급되어야 하지만, 우리 나라의 경우에는 아직도 시장규모가 큰 일부용도이외에 사용자의 요구에 부합되는 다양한 품질의 석회제품을 제조하는 데에는 인색하고, 또한 사용자의 대부분은 용도가 명시되어 있는 외국의 제품을 선호하는 경향에 따라 석회석 및 관련제품의 수입량이 감소하지 않고 있다. 최근 우리 나라는 국제통화기금(IMF)이후에, 국내산업을 보호하는 정부의 규제나 지원은 폐지 또는 축소되고, 외국회사의 시장참여에 의한 국제경쟁기반이 약화되고 있는 것도 사실이지만, 고 환율에 의하여 일부제품의 수입은 자제되고, 국내산 대체 방향으로 진행되고 있기 때문에, 안정되고 신뢰할 수 있는 품질의 제품을 제조하는 경우에는 오히려 국내시장의 확장에는 좋은 시기가 될 수도 있다고 판단된다. 이에 본고에서는 최근 국내 석회석 관련제품을 활용하는 사례를 분석하고 향후 유효이용을 도모하는 데에 참고가 되었으면 하는 마음에서 작성하였다.