• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.31
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• pp.287-308
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• 2013

Russian language tends to be quite open to borrowing. In Russian it has been for a long time the conventional way of expanding the lexicon, accepting many words from adjacent languages, including Church Slavic. In the contemporary Russian English has been the main source for loanwords. There are several linguistic factors for lexical borrowing: 1. the necessity of denominating new facts, phenomena or concepts, 2. the necessity of differentiating concepts, 3. the necessity of specializing new concepts, 4. the introduction of new international terms, 5. the increase of periphrastic expressions, 6. the needs for the more elegant and modern words. These factors have caused borrowing to enlarge the component of the lexicon and phrasal expressions, but excessive use of foreign words has brought about negative effects such as linguistic pollution. Some borrowed words are assimilated without serious conflicts, but other words undergo semantic changes in confrontation to existing words of similar meanings. These types of semantic changes comprise total change of meaning, reduction of semantic scale and extension of meaning. Semantic changes are caused by linguistic factors such as lexical conflict with existing words or by socio-culural factors such as misunderstanding of foreign words. And extension of meaning shows two types: qualitative extension and quantitative extension. The first means extending the semantic scope of a borrowed word and the latter - increasing the number of its sememe. In contemporary Russian language we can witness two productive phenomena: qualitative extension by socio-cultural factors, in which words with negative nuances are changed into those with positive ones and professional terms become common words, losing their professional meanings. On the other hand, by quantative extension some loanwords change their concrete meanings into abstract ones. In such cases loanwords acquire the additional meanings of abstractness, putting aside their original concrete meanings as the basic. On the contrary, the qualitative extension of adding the special meaning to general words or giving the concrete meaning to abstract words is not productive. And it is rarely witnessed that words of positive nuances are negatively used. It is considered that such cases are partly restricted in the spoken language or the jargon. Such phenomena may happen by the incomplete understanding of English words.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.33
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• pp.407-459
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• 2013

The paper pragmatically analyzes ellipsis in Russian and Polish colloquial and informal texts. The famous Polish writer Sławomir $Mro{\dot{z}}ek^{\prime}s$ "Exit to the South", written in Polish and Russian is used as a material for the analysis. Russian and Polish ellipsis in colloquial and informal texts have in common that the givenness and subjecthood of the elliptical co-referent play a crucial role. However, the ellipsis in two languages also has differences in many ways. Above all, in the Polish texts of colloquial and informal style, a theme is likely to be elliptical and the coreferential relation reaches to an extra-sentential antecedent, while the ellipsis in analysed Russian texts in most cases requires coordinate, subordinate or relative clauses, and the elliptical co-referent tends to have an intra-sentential antecedent. The ellipsis of the theme-subject is unmarked in Polish, where every verbal form has an ending denoting person. Unlike formal style which often allows explicit noun subject, Polish text of colloquial and informal style prefer null form of the subject in most cases. If Polish sentences have explicit theme-subjects, they disambiguate intervening and main themes, and indicate the contrast, the focus, the introduction of new narratives or the change of speaker's point of view. Sometimes direct speeches and deictic pronouns also need explicit theme-subjects in Polish sentences. On the other hand, the ellipsis of the theme-subject is marked in Russian even in colloquial and informal texts. The theme-subject can be deleted in Russian colloquial and informal texts, if the subject is a form of the first or the second person, or if the aspect and the tense of the antecedent sentence's verb are the same as those of the given sentence's verb and both the antecedent and the coreferential word have the nominative case.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.31
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• pp.241-262
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• 2013

In this study, we select and analyze the slang that is represented in Elistratov's "Dictionary of Russian slang". Through the above analysis, some conclusions were drawn as follows: First, as a social and psychological phenomenon appears universal in all languages, the study of slang generates strict criteria for the analysis. Unlike literary language, listed in the dictionary slang expressions can become obsolete for their short period of usage by native speakers. Therefore, in the following research of the actual data, we have to validate words targeted for analysis. Second, as the result of the analysis it is metaphor for the most part studied rather than metonymy. The semantic derivations as a result of metonymy are used very frequently in real life. But in this study we mainly analyze words, therefore the number of words was less in metonymy than was expected. Third, the basic types of metaphor are appeared as similarity by form, function, and location, and there are varieties of intervening of subjectivity in similarity of emotional impression. Fourth, the metonymy is divided into three cases: the part meaning the whole, the whole meaning the part, and some thing meaning the reality of where it exists. Fifth, not only literary language, but also slang as the 'transitional process' is the most active way of development of new meanings, and there are two methods to transfer main meaning to second meaning.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2016.10a
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• pp.665-666
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• 2016

본 논문은 현재 개발 중에 있는 외국인 관광객을 위한 다국어 통번역 시스템을 기술하는 것을 목표로 한다. 다국어 통번역 시스템에서 개발 중에 있는 언어는 한국어, 일본어, 중국어, 영어, 스페인어, 불어, 독일어, 러시아어이다. 이렇게 개발된 다국어 통번역 시스템은 2018년 평창 동계 올림픽 때 다국어 통번역 서비스를 제공할 예정이다. 현재의 다국어 통번역 시스템의 성능은 번역만 보았을 때, 영한 87.63%, 한영 88.21%, 중한 85.38%, 한중 77.94%, 일한 89.00%, 한일 86.69%, 스한 76.90%, 한스 77.46%, 불한 76.28%, 한불 79.78%이다.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.23
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• pp.321-349
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine slangs used in contemporary Russian. In any kind of social group, there are special jargons used to satisfy special needs of verbal communication and express individual affiliation compared with neighboring parties, apart from standard languages popularized in each society. Some of these jargons belong to a category of common usual language, while others are temporarily popularized but disappear. It is undeniable that these languages are a product of our social language phenomena in addition to the presence of standard language. Thus, it is very essential to investigate and understand these linguistic phenomena as well as standard languages. In this study, Chapter 1 examines the definition of slang as one of most important topic with a view to achieve desired goals hereof. Next, Chapter 2 sets the scope of subjects for this study. Chapter 3 subdivides subjects into each group by topic for analysis within the scope as set in the previous chapter. This analysis gives a basis on which we can understand linguistic phenomena and identify any psychological conditions of people who use languages. This study comes to its conclusions with summary of findings from data collection and analysis.

• The Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.1 s.356
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• pp.32-34
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• 1999

구한 말의 김학우는 최초의 한글 전신부호를 고안한 발명가로 고종의 총애를 받았다. 1862년 함경도에서 태어난 그는 갑오경장의 소용돌이 속에서 32세로 암살을 당했다. 러시아어, 중국어, 일어 등에 능통했던 그는 미국을 비롯한 중국, 일본 등 해외를 왕래하면서 전신기술을 배우고 돌아와 한글 자모의 모르스 전신부호를 만들어 1885년 10월 3일 최초로 서울과 인천 사이의 전신을 개통시킨 산파역이다.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 1998

This paper investigates the phatic function of intonation in Russian by recording and analysing 11 female native speakers of standard Moscow Russian. This paper shows that differences in intonation pattern of a sentence are associated with differences in degree of listener's involvement in the speech. Intonation pattern of an utterance having phatic function appears to be determined by 1) the speaker's readiness to talk to evoke the listener's attention ; 2) the speaker's intention to continue the communication. Some emphasis is placed on the relationship between intonation pattern of an utterance and speaker-listener interaction.

• MALSORI
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• no.61
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• pp.15-29
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• 2007

The present study investigates acoustic cues of russian soft plosive consonants. In previous studies, russian soft consonants are distinguished from hard consonants by F1, F2 of following vowels. The result showed: (1) that F0 of soft plosive consonants in following vowels were lower than those of hard plosive consonants; (2) and that VOT of soft plosive consonants were longer than those of hard plosive consonants. Hence, the present that, in addition to F1, F2, VOT and F0 are detected as acoustic cues that differentiate soft plosive consonants from hard plosive consonant in Russian.

• Korea and Global Affairs
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.183-220
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• 2019

Bearing in mind the strategic and pivotal importance of Egypt over the Arab, African, Middle Eastern, Islamic and even global level; this paper aimed to figure out how and why the Egyptian foreign policy has been changed over time; and whether the flourishing of Egyptian-Russian relations represent a shift from West to East; and show how the historical experiences affecting the relations between Egypt and Russia; moreover, explains why Russia supported June $30^{th}$ revolution while it opposed January $25^{th}$ revolution only two years earlier and other Arab Spring revolutions from one side; and why Egypt accepted to further develop its relations with Russia from the other side.

• Korea Information Processing Society Review
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2004

자동 번역에 대한 연구는 1940년대부터 시작되었고, 이 때의 연구는 일반 사람들에게는 거의 알려져 있지 않았으며. 본격적인 연구는 컴퓨터가 나오게 되는 1950년대부터 시작되었다. 이들이 생각했던 자동 번역은 두 언어간의 단어들을 교환하여 대치시키고 단어 방으로 이루어진 전자사전을 컴퓨터에 입력하여 번역하는 형태였다. 이 시기에 사용한 언어 쌍은 영어-러시아어였으며 주로 군사적인 목적으로 미국과 구 소련에서 연구되었다［1, 2］.(중략)