• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.544-549
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• 2013

We studied the habitat sites of Siberian flying squirrel in Guhak-ri, Sillim-myeon, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do from March to April in 2009. We were found total 30 points of inhabitation trace types; nests 15 points(Tree nest types were 13 points, used Tree hole types hole types were 2 points) and droppings 15 points. We observed 3 individuals of Siberian flying squirrels and founded that 2 individuals of them used tree holes, and another individual used tree nest which were located in branches of Pinus densiflora. Most utilized nest trees of Siberian flying squirrel were Larix leptolepis, and also used Pinus densiflora, Betula davurica, Styrax japonica, Cornus controversa, Acer mono. Droppings trees were Prunus sargentii, Cornus controversa, Quercus xmccormickii, Acer palmatum, Acer palmatum, Betula davurica. Through the observation, we defined that flying squirrels mainly used Conifer trees as nest sites, and decideous trees as droppings.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.293-309
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• 2024

This study was conducted to provide basic data on the structure of the Carpinus turczaninowii community and the characteristics of the habitat environment for ex situ conservation. To identify the current ecological environment, 27 plots (each measuring 100m²) were selected for analyzing the detailed structure of plant communities in Anmyondo Isl.(Jungjangri San 14-217), Hwanggumsan Mt., Gayasan Mt.(Wonhyobong) and Palbongsan Mt.. The research methodology employed in this study was qualitative analysis. The TWINSPAN classification yielded a total of seven distinct communities. Group I represents the C. turczaninowii - Quercus mongolica community, Group II represents the C. turczaninowii - Pinus densiflora community, Group III represents the C. turczaninowii - P. densiflora community, Group IV represents the C. turczaninowii - Q. mongolica community, Group V represents the C. turczaninowii - Q. variabilis community, Group VI represents the C. turczaninowii - Prunus serrulata Lindl. var. pubescens community, and Group VII represents the C. turczaninowii - Styrax japonicus community. The species diversity ranged from 0.8056 to 1.1568, the importance value ranged from 0.1214 to 0.3024, and the similarity index ranged from 9.37% to 36.36%. Based on the correlation analysis of six environmental factors for the seven communities using RDA ordination, the results indicate that on the first axis, Altitude, Crown density, Bare rock, and Slope exhibited a positive correlation. In the C. turczaninowii - P. densiflora community (Group III) and C. turczaninowii - Q. mongolica community (Group IV), altitude, bare rock, and slope were analyzed as factors influencing vegetation distribution. In the C. turczaninowii - Q. variabilis community (Group V), C. turczaninowii - P. serrulata Lindl. var. pubescens community (Group VI), and C. turczaninowii - S. japonicus community (Group VII), crown density was analyzed as a factor influencing vegetation distribution.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2003

Methanol extracts from 207 samples of 118 plant species in 44 families were tested for their fungicidal activities against six phytopathogenic fungi. Extracts of Thuja orientalis leaf, Cinnamomum loureirii leaf, Lindera erythrocarpa barks and leaf, Pinus koraiensis wood, Hovenia dulcis wood, Koelreuteria paniculata barks, Styrax japonica wood, Camelia japonica leaf and Cleyera japonica leaf showed very strong fungicidal activity against more than two phytopathogenic fungi at a concentration of 2000 ppm. As a naturally occurring fungicide, these plants could be useful as new fungicidal products against various plant diseases induced by plant pathogens.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.26-36
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate the change and structure of the altitudinal vegetation on the east side of Hallasan National Park, and to accomplish this research, seventeen plots($400m_2$ per zone) were set up along the Seongpanak trail starting from 750m to 1,450m(which was 700m long). These zones, according to the two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN) and ordination analysis(DCA), were divided into six communities: Carpinus tschonoskii-Stryrax japonica community(I), Stryrax japonica-Quercus serrata community(II), Carpinustschonoskii-Q. serrata community(III), Q. mongolica-C tschonoskii community(IV), Acer pseudosieboldianum community(V), and Q. mongolica-Abies koreana community(VI). The findings of my investigation are as follows: the altitudinal vegetation structure of all the investigated zones from 750m to 1,000m above sea level is similar to one another, whereas the same zones from 1,000m to 1,450m above sea level showed dissimilarities among them. That indicates that altitudinal vegetation structure on the east side of Hallasan National Park has changed drastically at the 1,000m areas above sea level, and the forest age of this area is over 50 years.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.4
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• pp.393-407
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• 1991

The vegetation structure within Chamaecyparis obtusa plantation was analyzed for the purpose of applying the effective forestation method for Chmaecyparis obtusa plantation, tending and regeneration in the southern districts of korea. The results were as follows ; 1. The importance percentage was high in the order of Eurya japonica, Rhus verniciflua, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Lindera erythrocarpa, Carpinus laxiflora, Styrax japonica, Viburnum dilatatum, Zanthoxylum piperitum and Smilax china among the vegetation of Chamaecyparis obtusa. Importance percentage of natural seedling of Chamaecyparis obtusa was high in lower story but gradually decreased in middle story. 2. The basal area of upper trees had a negative correlation with the density of natural seedlings in the middle and lower story, and it represents that the basal area of upper trees had some effect on the density of natural seedlings within understories. 3. The rate of the A and B class by Raunkiaer's frequency was higher in the vegetation of middle story than that of lower story. 4. By Morisita's index, the species of Chamaecyparis obtusa, Rhus verniciflua, Lindera erythrocarpa, Smilax china. Callicarpa japonica and Lindera obtusiloba were randomly distributed at lower story, but they were aggregatively distributed at middle story. At all of middle and lower story, Eurya japonica and Viburum dilatatum were randomly distributed, and Carpinus laxiflora, Zanthoxylum piperitum and Picrasma quassioides were aggregatively distributed. 5. The number of appearance species and the value of species diversity in western survey area were more than that of eastern survey area. 6. The value of species diversity at lower story was higher than that of middle story, and it represents that the number of individuals of appearance species was composed more even at lover story than middle story. 7. According to cluster analysis by similarity index, the survey areas were separated from inland and seacoast districts. 8. Judging from each stories ordination analysis by dissimilarity index, the vegetation was separated from lower and middle story, and the vegetation of lower story was more progressed succession stage than that of middle story. 9. In Chamaecyparis obtusa stands, Eurya japonica had a positive correlation with Sorbus alnifolia, Hex macropoda. Ficus erecta and Trachelospermum asiaticum, but it had a negative correlation with Zanthoxylum piperitum, Carpinus laxiflora and Parthenocissus tricuspidata. 10. In estimation of the productivity of Chamaecyparis obtusa stands, the value of SC (Conic surface) and VP (Parabolic volume) for upper trees was 94.5% and 99.63%, respectively and SC and VP of middle story was 5.49% and 0.37%, respectively. In the species of middle story, material productivity was high in order of Eurya japonica. Lindera eryhrocarpa, Rhus verniciflua. Carpinus laxiflora and Styrax japonica.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.170-176
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• 2007

This study was performed to anticancer activities and immune modulatary activities according to the parts of the S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. The cytotoxicity on human kidney cell (HEK 293) was showed below 27.4% in adding the methanol extracts. The anticancer activity were increased in over 60% by barks extracts in AGS and MCF-7 cells. The immune cell growth using human immune B and T cells was improved by the barks extracts of S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. in adding 1.0mg/ml concentration. The secretion of the IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ from human immune B and T cells was showed secretion for the amount of cytokines by bark extracts of S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. NK cell growth was increased against control all of the extracts of S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. Densitometric analysis of Bcl-2 revealed that possible to decrease potentialities of taking cancer in adding of extracts from S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. From the results, the roots and barks extracts of S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. were showed useful biological activities.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2015

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant, whitening and anti-inflammatory effects of 12 species of wild mushrooms in Jeju Island. Their anti-oxidative effects were measured by the free radical scavenging activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and tyrosinase inhibitory activities were determined for the whitening effect. In addition, inhibitory activities of NO production for anti-inflammation were investigated. As a result, Elfvingia applanata extract and Fomitopsidaceae sp. extracts showed higher free radical scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$; $74.8{\mu}g/mL$, $182.6{\mu}g/mL$, respectively) than other extracts. Elfvingia applanata extract ($IC_{50}$; $346.8{\mu}g/mL$) showed higher activity than the Arbutin ($IC_{50}$; $421.6{\mu}g/mL$) on tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Elfvingia applanata extract and Daedaleopsis styracina extract showed anti-inflammatory activity of 74.1% and 62.9% respectively, at the concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$. Furthermore, the extracts inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, we evaluated the biological activities of 12 species of wild mushrooms in Jeju Island, Elfvingia applanata, Fomitopsidaceae sp. and Daedaleopsis styracina could have the functional effects as a cosmetic raw material.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.319-329
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• 2017

We investigated the host preference of Ricania app. at different developmental stages to select the effective control methods. Ricania spp. at different developmental stages preferred different host plants. During the nymphal period, individuals moved to the bottom due to environmental factors such as wind and rain, rather than inhabiting trees, and fed on various plants ranging from 1 year-old herbaceous plants to shrubs. Especially, at Palbong Mt. in Gonju, Ricania spp. nymphs preferred Symplocos chinensis f. pilosa, Celastrus orbiculatus, Euonymus alatus, Kalopanax septemlobus, Aralia elata, Styrax japonicas, Rubus parvifolius, Ru. coreanus, Ru. crataegifolius, Quercus acutissima, Cornus officinalis, Lespedeza bicolor, Albizia julibrissin, L. maximowiczii, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Rh. indicum. At Yongbong Mt. in Hongseong, Ricania spp. adults preferred herbaceous plants, such as Helianthus annuus, Solanum nigrum, and Oenothera biennis rather than trees during the pre-oviposition stage. Subsequently, as the oviposition season began, Ricania spp. adults were rarely found in H. annuus, S. nigrum, or O. biennis and appeared to migrate to the perennial trees and shrubs hosts to lay eggs. At Palbong Mt., the main laying hosts of Ricania spp. adults were Weigela subsessilis, Ailanthus altissima, Q. aliena, Boehmeria platanifolia, Diospyros lotus, Ziziphus jujubae var. inermis, St. japonicus, Prunus mume, P. serrulata var. spontanea, Spiraea prunifolia f. simpliciflora, Ru. crataegifolius, Salix koreensis, Ru. yedoense f. poukhanense, and Co. controversa. The degree of egg laying, number of egg masses and adult Ricania spp. were significantly higher in sunlit areas than in shaded areas, in addition, the lower the altitude, the more adults were present. This study contributes toward the development of traps that can attract and control Ricania spp. and reduce the density of Ricania spp. that disturb the ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.725-735
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• 2011

This study was carried out to analyze the vegetation properties, soil characteristics, and ordination of Stewartia koreana community of Mt. Jirisan in Korea. The S. koreana community was classified into S. koreana-Quercus mongolica serrata community, S. koreana-Quercus mongolica community, and Typical community. In specific, S. koreana-Q. serrata community was classified into two subgroups such as Carpinus laxiflora subcommunity and typical subcommunity. The S. koreana community was found out to be located at an elevation of 409m to 1,604m. The Results of importance value on the S. koreana community consisted of the following in order: 75.47% of S. koreana, the highest, 21.83% of Q. serrata, 18.65% of Q. mongolica, 18.19% of Acer pseudosieboldianum, 10.56% of Rhododendron schlippenbachii, 10.36% of Styrax japonicus. In the targeted study sites, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphate, exchangeable potassium, soil moisture and soil pH were 3.15~39.1%, 0.37~11.7%, 0.9~45.4mg/kg, $0.09{\sim}1.48cmol^+/kg$, 19.28~55.47% and 4.08~5.65, respectively. The results of the correlation between communities and soil conditions of S. koreana community by DCCA ordination method are as follows: S. koreana-Q. serrata community was found in the highest elevation and followed in order S. koreana typical community, S. koreana-Q. serrata typical subcommunity, and C. laxiflora subcommunity.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.3-19
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• 1978

Five species, Abies koreana Wilson (A. koreana), Castanopsis cuspidata var. Sieboldii Nakai (C. Cuspidata). Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. (M. thunbergii), Styrax japonica (S. japonica), and Quercus acuta Thunberg(Q. acuta) growing in the southern part of Korea were selected for the investigation of wood properties. In order to evaluate the wood properties of these five species, anatomical, physical, mechanical, chemical and pulping characteristics were investigated. And this study also covered wood technological problems related to the drying, gluing, debarking, flooring, and wood workability so that these species might serve to the best advantage. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The trunk of A. koreana with many knots was straight. However, the trunks of S. japonica and C. cuspidata were crooked. 2. A. koreana showed the longest and the widest ill the fiber morphology; 2.97mm in length, 39.3${\mu}$ in width. In general, fiber width of all the species investigated were greater than those of other Korean hardwoods. 3. The specific gravity of Q. acuta was 0.74${\pm}$0.03, and that of A.koreana was 0.34${\pm}$0.02. The range of specific gravity of the other species was 0.47-0.52. 4. The adsorption of water was propotioned inversely with the specific gravity, but the adsorption of humidity was proportioned with the specific gravity. In spite of their medium density, S. japonica showed the greatest adsorption, and M. thunbergii the least. The water adsorption of cross section was twice greater than that of lateral direction, and there was a slight difference in between the radial and the tangential direction. 5. Shrinkage for tested five species was ranged from 5.36 to 10.24% in tangential direction, and 2.83~6.13% in radial direction. Q. acuta recorded the greatest shrinkage rate, and A. koreana the least. The greater was the specific gravity, the larger was the shrinkage rate. 6. The mechanical properties of Q. acuta were similar to those of Quercus mongolica which grow in Kangwon-Do. Strength properties of C. cuspidata, M. thunbergii, A. koreana were equivalent to those of other Korean commercial woods with similar specific gravity, except S. japonica which showed slightly higher strength than that of other species with similar density. 7. Higher glue joint strength for urea and phenol adhesieves was recorded in the species of M. thunbergii and C. cuspidata, however, high-density species(Q. acuta) and even low-density species(A. koreana) did not show good joint strength. 8. The attractive figure of M. thunbergii in texture seemed to he appreciated for decoration. And the grain and texture of other species were proper for furniture and building materials. 9. All of the species except Q. acuta were considered good for wood workability. 10. The denser the specific gravity was, the longer the drying time took. However, severe drying defects were formed in M. thunbergii whose density was medium. 11. All the species were considered suitable for the flooring wood expect A. koreana whose density was light. 12. Pentosan component in all the species was great, and the amount of extractives in Q. acuta was worth noticing. 13. Yield in kraft pulp was above the level of economic pulp yield, i.e. 45% in all species. 14. Debarking was easy in the species of A. koreana and M. thunbergii, and debarking after being boiled in water was the most efficient in all species.