• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.850-857
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• 2015

This study was aimed to identify the characteristics of nest and breeding site conditions of Chinese Egret (Egretta europhotes) that breed in the uninhabited islets of the western coast of South Korea. It is expected that the information collected through this study can contribute to providing basic information required when building and managing artificial nests in their natural breeding habitats. Chinese Egrets make their nests in the shrub layers of Long Leaf Elaeagnus (Elaeagnus macrophylla), Arrow Bamboo (Pseudosasa japonica), and Baby Brier (Rosa multiflora). A total of 50 breeding nests of Chinese Egret were investigated in June and July 2013, with area-wise distribution as follows: Seomando (11 nests), Hwangseodo (14 nests), Mokdo (10 nests), and Napdaekiseom (15 nests). Vegetation coverage (cover, %), height from the ground to the top (height, cm), thickness from top to bottom of the nest (thickness, cm), reuse period, major axis (cm), minor axis (cm), and depth (cm) of each nest were measured. According to the results of the study on the nest characteristics of 4 breeding groups, the nests in Hwangseodo had the highest coverage, the nests in Mokdo were built in the highest places, the nests in Napdaekiseom showed the longest reuse period, and the nests in Mokdo had the greatest depth. The differences in height and reuse period were significant between Mokdo and Napdaekiseom. Moreover, there were significant differences in reuse period and depth between Seomando and Hwangseodo. There were significant differences in cover, minor axis, and depth between breeding groups that built nests on Arrow Bamboo (Mokdo and Napdaekiseom) and Baby Brier (Seomando and Hwangseodo). Nest characteristics of Chinese Egret were generally similar, while some variables showed different values for different breeding groups.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.703-709
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• 2015

A breeding pair of the Black-faced Spoonbill Platalea minor was firstly recorded on Chilsando Islands, Younggwang, Jeollanamdo Province in 1991. Since the mid 2000s, breeding population on the breeding sites has gradually increased. This study was conducted to identify breeding status and nest site characteristics of the species from May to August, 2013 on Chilsando Islands. We recorded number of nests, length and width of the nest base, slope around the nests, nest materials, distances from the nearest nest, presence of nest cover and nesting area. In 2013 breeding season, 25 of 49 nests produced at least one successful fledging. A total of 55 youngs were successfully fledged and number of fledging per nest was 2.20 individuals. Nesting area was $77.8m^2$ and $93.4m^2$ for Sansando and Yuksando Islet, respectively. Soil and soil mixed with tree root were preferred for substrate of nest base over rock and Brassica napus was dominantly selected as nest materials by Black-faced Spoonbills. Nest characteristics of 22 nests in Sasando and Yuksando Islet varied $49.59{\pm}6.53cm$(mean${\pm}$SD) for length of nest base, $41.00{\pm}5.82cm$ for width of nest base, $20.85{\pm}9.96^{\circ}$ for slope above the nest, $34.09{\pm}17.75^{\circ}$ for slope below the nest and $130.82{\pm}84.17cm$ for distances from the nearest nest. Fifteen pairs (68.2%) occupied where nest cover existed. Nest cover were located in front of the nest for 5 pairs, back of the nest for 9 pairs and both front and back of the nest for 1 pair.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2009

This study was conducted on the marsh of Paldang dam and Gyungan-cheon, Gyeonggi-do province. 6 species bred on the emergent plants and the nests of Common Coots Fulica atra, Common Moorhens Gallinula chloropus, Great Reed-Warblers Acrocephalus orientalis, Yellow Bitterns Ixobrychus eurhythmus, Little Grebes Podiceps ruficollis and Great Crested Grebes Podiceps cristatus were found. The main vegetations of the nests were Narrow Leaf Cattails Typha angustata, Reeds Phragmites communis, and Wild Rices Zizania latitolia. Particularly, Narrow Leaf Cattails were the most favorite plants for breeding birds. Few nests were found on the emergent plants covered with rubbish, or on high density. And no nests found on the inside shrubs. The mean density of nests on the marsh was 3.1 nests per ha and the nests were highest in Non-island as 17 nests per ha. The nest density on the area of Sonae-islands was higher than the area of Kyangdong-kyo bridge. This would be related on the bulk of narrow-leaf cattails and the quality of water.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.829-836
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• 2016

This study was carried out on Kongju National University and its neighboring area, Mt. Gyeryong national park and Mt. Worak national park in the breeding season of long-tailed tits Aegithalos caudaatus from 2008 to 2012. The result of the inquiry, the nests were found in 15 species of trees, and this result shows me it's not choosy about them. But after having classified them according to the features and analyzed them, long-tailed tits preferred evergreen needleleaf tree and deciduous broad-leaf tree and deciduous bush, especially evergreen needleleaf tree. The concealment rate of long-tailed tits' nests was $11.61{\pm}4.79%]\;4.38{\pm}2.19%$(n=29) in Kongju National University and it's neighboring area, $6.06{\pm}2.31%$(n=43) in Mt. Gyeryong national park and $4.38{\pm}2.19%$(n=32) in Mt. Worak national park. By regional groups, the concealment rates of neighboring nests were almost same, but there are no differences among the areas. The average of the color codes was $26.52{\pm}16.14$(n=32) that those of the nest subtract from those of surroundings of the nest. The nests were procryptic according to their surroundings, and if their nest in a tree were evergreen needleleaf trees, they were made of moss. while if the trees of nest in a tree were yellow because of fungus, made of dried moss, they were yellow, too.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.99-102
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• 2001

본 연구는 번식기와 비번식기에 있어서 까치의 행동변화를 파악하기 위해 강원도 춘천시 동면 감정리에 위치한 강원도 산림개발연구원 시험림 및 부근지역에서 2000년 3월부터 2001년 2월까지의 기간동안 실시되었다. 조사지 내 전체 면척은 5.6$\textrm{km}^2$였으며, 전체 지역에서 까치의 둥지는 모두 49개가 발견되었다. 이중 2000년 봄철의 번식기동안에는 24개의 둥지에서 까치가 번식을 한 것으로 나타났다. 까치의 번식밀도는 4.3쌍/$\textrm{km}^2$였으며, 둥지의 평균거리는 평균 357.5m 인 것으로 나타났다. 까치에 부착한 전파발신기에서 발신되는 전파를 추적하여 번식기와 비번식기에 둥지로부터 이동한 거리는 큰 차이를 보였다.(t-test, t= 2.98, P<0.01). 번식기에는 평균 133.5m의 거리를 둥지로부터 이동하였으며, 최대 184m 이동한 것으로 나타났다. 그 결과 세력권의 크기는 약 5.6ha인 것으로 추정되었다. 또한 비번식이에 있어서는 둥지로부터의 이동거리 평균 384.2m 였으며, 최대 457m 까지 이동하였다. 6월에서 8월 까지는 보통 2~3개체 정도가 무리를 형성하였고, 12월에 가장 많은 12개체 정도가 하나의 무리를 이루었다. 번식기에 암컷과 수컷을 행동은 매우 다른 것으로 나타났으나(t=2.89, P<0.05)비번식기에는 큰 차이가 없었다(t=1.03, P>0.05).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1611-1616
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the characteristics in breeding of the little tern Sterna albifrons in Shinja-do and Doyo-Deung in Nakdong estuary. The data was obtained in the middle and late 1990's and in the mid 2000's, which were analysed for the breeding information of the little tern. In Shinja-Do, a total of 638 nests were observed in 1995, and the average numbers of eggs laid per nest were 2.48. In 2004 and 2005, 94 and 456 nests were observed, and the average number of eggs laid per nest was 2.16 and 2.53, respectively. There was a significant difference between the average numbers of eggs laid per nest for the 3 respective years. In Doyo-Deung, a total of 269 nests were observed in 1998, and the average number of eggs laid per nest was 2.16. In 2004 and 2005, 1,023 and 1,123 nests were observed, and the average numbers of eggs laid per nest were 2.33 and 2.52, respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.001) between the average number of eggs laid per nest as well. Hatching success rate by nesting site in Shinja-Do was calculated in 1995. Type A nest (nest located on dry sand land) showed a 56.8% success rate, and type B nest (nest located on the land with dwarf grass), type C nest (nest located on moist land) and type D nest (nest located on the land with shells) showed 55.3%, 36.6% and 59.3% success rates, respectively. The average hatching success rate in Shinja-Do was 54.5%. The most crucial factor for hatching failure was flood, especially, for the type C nests. The hatching success rate by the nesting site in Doyo-Deung showed an average of 73.2%. It was high in type D nest (83.8%) and type A nest (75.9%), and low in type C nest (59.7%). Again, the most crucial factor for hatching failure was flood, especially, for the type C nests. Nakdong estuary has been through many changes over time, particularly in recent. Therefore, continuous efforts to keep it a breeding place for the little tern are urgently required, including overall management of land, protection of reef and sand, etc.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.544-549
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• 2013

We studied the habitat sites of Siberian flying squirrel in Guhak-ri, Sillim-myeon, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do from March to April in 2009. We were found total 30 points of inhabitation trace types; nests 15 points(Tree nest types were 13 points, used Tree hole types hole types were 2 points) and droppings 15 points. We observed 3 individuals of Siberian flying squirrels and founded that 2 individuals of them used tree holes, and another individual used tree nest which were located in branches of Pinus densiflora. Most utilized nest trees of Siberian flying squirrel were Larix leptolepis, and also used Pinus densiflora, Betula davurica, Styrax japonica, Cornus controversa, Acer mono. Droppings trees were Prunus sargentii, Cornus controversa, Quercus xmccormickii, Acer palmatum, Acer palmatum, Betula davurica. Through the observation, we defined that flying squirrels mainly used Conifer trees as nest sites, and decideous trees as droppings.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.545-550
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• 2006

Ten supernormal clutches of little terns Sterna albifrons and seven clutches having mixed eggs by little terns and kentish plovers Charadrius alexandrinus were recorded during the breeding seasons of 2003$\sim$2005 at Ganwol lake, Hongsung-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. The frequency of egg retrieval by Little Terns was higher after the second egg laying regardless of the clutch size and incubation stage. The frequency of egg retrieval was high at all incubation stage. When experimental eggs were placed within 15 cm from the nests, the percentage of egg retrieval was highest (almost 100%). However the percentage dropped rapidly over 35$\sim$55 cm range and finally to zero at 60 cm distance. Little terns retrieved all kinds of eggs set near their nests regardless of its kind or size. This study suggests that egg retrieval by little terns may be a source of the nest with supernormal and mixed egg clutch observed in this species.

• 건강소식
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.26-28
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• 2013

100세 시대. 50대에 들어섰다면 인생의 반이 남았다. 자녀들은 장성했고, 남는 것은 시간뿐이다. 품 안을 벗어난 자녀들을 향한 '해바라기' 생활은 접고, 남은 인생을 위한 독립선언을 할 때다. 빈 둥지에서 우울해하지 말고 새로운 나로 채울 시간인 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2015

Disturbance to marine wildlife is a serious negative impact of marine debris. In this study, the percentages of Black-faced Spoonbill nests that included plastic marine debris were calculated from surveys conducted on an islet named Suhaam off the western coast of South Korea. The percentages of nests including plastic decreased from 71% in 2010 to 37% in 2011 to 33% in 2012. The total number of nests increased from 28 in 2010 to 38 in 2011 to 43 in 2012. These differences in nests and nesting materials were possibly due to natural nesting materials such as tree branches and rice straws that were provided at the breeding site as a protective action in 2011 and 2012. Additional conservation efforts should be made to prevent further negative impacts from marine debris.