• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.5 s.64
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• pp.743-760
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• 1997

This study was done to evaluate the correlations between the size, the form of the cranial base, head posture and the horizontal and vertical position of craniofacial structures. For this purpose, 100 cephalometric radiographs were taken from the sample composed of 51 male and 49 female, 12 measurement criteria and 37 reference points were established and digitized, then calculation was performed for the values of measurement variables and the horizontal and vertical position of reference points. The correlations be4ween them were analyzed statistically and mean facial diagrams were constructed and compared with the selected groups which were composed of 10 Samples each as large and small group from the measurement value. The following results were obtained: 1. The angles n-s-ba and n-s-ar as variables for the ion of cranial base correlated highly to the horizontal and vertical position of reference points in the cervical column with statistical significance($0.1\%$ level). 2. The angles n-s-ba and n-s-ar as variables for the form of cranial base correlated to the horizontal position of the reference points in the facial structure with statistical significance($1\%$ level), but not to the vertical position of them($5\%$ level). 3. The length n-s, s-ba, and n-ar as variables for the size of cranial base were correlated th the position of craniofacial structures in various ways, but in general, highly correlated to the horizontal and vertical position of midfacial structures around the teeth and alveolar area. 4. the angle NSL/CVT and NSL/OPT as postural variables tot the inclination of cranial base and cervical column were correlated to the horizontal position of the craniofacial structures with statistical significance($1\%$ level), but not to the vortical position of them($5\%$ level). 5. The angle OPT/HOR and CVT/HOR as postural variables lot the inclination of cranial base and true horizontal line were not correlated to the horizontal and vertical position of the craniofacial structures with statistical significance($5\%$ level). 6. The correlation between the measurement variables and horizontal and vortical positions of the reference poits in soft tissue were shown as similar to the related hard tissue points.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.35 no.6 s.113
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• pp.409-419
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• 2005

Studies for diagnostic analysis using three-dimensional (3D) CT images are recently in progress and needs for 3D craniofacial analysis are increasing in the fields of orthodontics. It is especially essential to analyze the facial soft tissue after orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. In this study 3D CT images of adults with normal occlusion were taken to analyze the facial soft tissue. Norms were obtained from CT images of adults with normal occlusion (12 males, 11 females) using a computer program named V works 4.0 program. 3D coordinate planes were established using soft tissue Nasion as the reference point and a total of 20 reproducible landmarks of facial soft tissue were obtained using the multiple reconstructive sectional images (axial, sagittal and coronal images) of the V works 4.0 program: soft tissue Nasion, Pronasale, Subnasale, Upper lip center, Lower lip center, soft tissue B, soft tissue Pogonion, soft tissue Menton, Endocanthion (Rt/Lt), Alare lateralis (Rt/Lt), Cheilion (Rt/Lt), soft tissue Gonion (Rt/Lt), Tragus (Rt/Lt), and Zygomatic point (Rt/Lt). According to the established landmarks and measuring method, the 3D CT images of adults with normal occlusion were measured and the normal positional measurements and their Net (${\delta}=\sqrt{{X^2}+{Y^2}+{Z^2}}$) values were obtained using V surgery program, In the linear measurement between landmarks, there was a significant difference between males and females except Na' -Sn and En(Rt)-En(Lt). The normal ranges of Na'-Zy, Na'-Ch and Na'-Go' (facial depth) were obtained, which was difficult to measure by two-dimensional (2D) cephalometric analysis and facial photographs. These data may be used as references for 3D diagnosis and treatment planning for patients with malocclusion and dentofacial deformity.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.51-61
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• 1992

저자는 서울대학병원 치과진료부 구강진단과를내원한 두 개하악장애 환자 중, 악관절음이 있음을 호소하는 환자 106명을 대상으로 SonoPAK을 이용하여 악관절음을 분석하고 Transcranial TMJ Series와 파노라마상 판독결과를 종합하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. SonoPAK에 기록된 210회의 발생 악관절음 중 왕복성 관절음은 44건, 88회 발생하였고, 개구시 관절음은 74회, 그리고 폐구시 관절음은 48회 발생하였으며, 개구시에 관절음이 더 빈번히 나타났다. 2. 왕복성 악관절음이 있다고 인정되는 혼자군에서, 개구시 평균 최대 단위는 18.6(%)$\pm$15.6(%), 폐구시 평균 최대 진폭은 16.6(%)$\pm$17.4(%) 이었으며, 개폐구간 진폭의 차이에는 유의성이 없었다. (p>0.05). 3. 악관절음을 미약한 소리, 중간소리, 큰소리로 분류할 수 있었으며 각각 110, 79,21회의 발생을 기록하였다. 4. (>300Hz)/(<300Hz)의 비율이 0인 경우는 34회 였고, 300Hz 이상의 주파수가 관찰된 경우는 176회였다. 5. Transcranial TMJ projection series 와 파노라마상의 판독 결과 하악과두의 골 변화가 인정된 환자군에서 SonoPAK 기록의 평균 주파수 비율((>300Hz)/(<300Hz))은 0.387$\pm$0.284이었고 골 변화가 인지되지는 않았으나 주파수 비율이 0.01 이상인 환자군의 평균은 0.286$\pm$0.227이었다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 1991

저자는 두개하악 장애로 교합상치료를 받고있는 42명의 환자를 대상으로 치료전, 치료후 1개월, 3개월, 6개월째에 주관적 평가, 임상적 검사, 근전도 검사, 컴퓨터 교합 분석을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 주관적 평가인 visual analogue scale과 Helkimo's anamnestic dysfunction index는 유의하게 감소하였다. 임상적 검사시 MM(mandibular movement), TM(TMJ capsule palpation), EM(extraoral muscle palpation), Di(Helkimo's clinical dysfuction index)는 유의하게 감소하였고 무통성 개구량은 유의하게 감소하였다. 2. 42명의 환자중 10명에서 교합변화가 관찰되었으며, 5명에서 치주질환, 2명에서 치아 과민감, 1명에서 구토경향이 관찰되었다. 3. 치주칠환을 보이는 10명의 환자중 3명은 교합상치료 이전부터 치주질환에 이환된 상태였으며 3명에서는 교합변화가 함께 관찰되었다. 4. 교합변화를 보인 10명의 환자중 교합상의 장착시간을 줄였을 때, 3명이 원래의 교합상태로 회복되었고 4명은 부분적으로 회복되었으며 3명에서는 변화를 관찰할 수 없었다. 5. 악관절 내장 제 5기 환자에서 교합변화가 더 빈번히 나타났으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 6. Habitual clenching 시와 Maximal clenching 시 사이의 치아접촉점 수, maximal clenching 시의 치아 접촉점의 수와 접촉 치아수 사이에 매우 유의한 상관관계를 보였고, habitual clenching 시의 치아접촉점의 수와 접촉 치아수, Habitual clenching 시와 maximal clenching시 사이의 치아 접촉시간에서도 유의한 상관관계를 보였다.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.3 s.80
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• pp.297-306
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• 2000

Lateral cephalometric X-ray films in maximal intercuspation and maximal opening of 68 children were taken and analyzed to examine the pattern of condylar movement and to study the relationship between opening movement and morphologic factors of craniofacial skeleton. The results were as follows : 1. The mean value of maximal opening capacity was 47.1mm, condylar moving distance was 18.1mm, horizontal condyle movement was 17.5mm, vertical condyle movement was 3.8mm and condylar moving angle was $13.1^{\circ}$. 2. The maximal opening capacity had positive relationship with the length of anterior cranial base, mandible and maxillary complex and with posterior facial height and had negative relationship with articular angle, sagittal jaw relationship. 3. Vertical condyle movement and condylar moving angle had positive relationship with articular angle and had negative relationship with gonial angle. 4. Horizontal condyle movement and condylar moving distance had positive relationship with the length of maxillary complex.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.260-271
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between the occlusal plane angle and craniofacial skeletal pattern in relation to anterior overbite. Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 90 adults with skeletal class III malocclusions were traced and measured to analyze skeletal factors and occlusal plane angles. In terms of anterior overbite, all patients were classified into 3 subgroups of positive overbite, edgebite, and negative overbite groups. All measurements were evaluated statistically by ANOVA and Duncan's Post Hoc, and correlation coefficients were evaluated among measurements. Results: In this study, some skeletal measurements (saddle angle, articular angle, Y axis, AFH, SN-FH, SN-Mn, FH-Mn) showed a significant difference among the 3 groups in relation to overbite changes. Correlation coefficient showed that PFH/AFH, SN-Mn, Mx-Mn, and FH-Mn showed a significant difference with FH-Occ, Mx-Occ, and Mn-Occ. Regression analysis showed that Mx-Mn had a determination coefficient of 0.714, 0.560, and 0.677 in relation to FH-Occ, Mx-Occ, and Mn-Occ, respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests that consideration of the occlusal plane in relation to the maxillomandibular vertical skeletal state enable the establishment of a more predictable orthognathic surgery result.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.5 s.94
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• pp.361-373
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphological changes of olveolar bone and mandibular symphysis of lower incisor by presurgical orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery in skeletal class III malocclusion. The sample consisted of 30 adult class III malocclusion patients who have received bilateral sagittal split mandibular osteotomy. Lateral cephalograms were taken before treatment, after presurgical orthodontic treatment and 3 months after orthognathic surgery. Skeletal and symphyseal measurements were compared and the relationships between them were analysed. The results were as follow : 1. The labial and lingual alveolar bone height in presurgical and postsurgical group were decreased than that of pretreatment group. 2. The vertical measurements of the craniofacial skeleton showed reverse correlationship with anteroposterior width of basal alveolar bone, but IMPA showed correlatiionship (p<0.01) 3. The craniofacial skeleton and the change of symphyseal measurements(symphyseal length, symphyseal width) showed no correlationship. 4. The labial alveolar bone height showed correlationship with lingual alveolar bone height(p<0.001), and negative correlationship with lingual alveolar crestal width(p<0.01). Labial and lingual alveolar crestal width has negative correlationship (p<0.05). Mandibular symphyseal length and width has positive correlationship(p<0.01). 5. IMPA, LISA showed negative correlationship with labiolingual alveolar bone height and lingual alveolar width and positive correlationship with labial alveolar base bone width.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.5 s.82
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• pp.509-519
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• 2000

Enlow's counterpart analysis explains the complex with anatomic and developmental characteristics where craniofacial aspect of individuals has been developed. The analysis does not compare individual measurement with the normal value from the average of majority but analyzes by comparison of values that each individual has. This study was to clarify the Korean craniofacial skeletal pattern using Enlow's counterpart analysis considering the fact that the craniofacial skeletal pattern has racial and regional variations. This research will be helpful in the future for growth research and research of the orthognathic surgery. For this study, the samples were consisted of 100 Korean adult subjects(50 males and 50 females) who had normal occlusion and pleasing face. Measurement points and lines were established using Enlow's counterpart analysis and they were statistically evaluated. The results indicated that : 1. The average angle between PCF and PMV was $38.54^{\circ}$ in males and $38.43^{\circ}$ in females, and the average Wits' appraisal was -2.51 in males and -2.3 in females. The ramus alignment(R4) was 1.89 in males and 2.36 in females. 2. It shows that females have a longer ramus than the PCF compared to the males, because there was a significant difference in Ramus/PCF horizontal dimensions (Skeletal A3-B3) between female and male subjects 3. It shows that males have a longer mandibular corpus than the maxilla compared to the females, because there was a significant difference in Maxillary/Mandibular arches(Skeletal A4-B4) between male and female subjects 4. In cranial floor+maxilla/ramus+corpus at A and B points(Al-Bl), which represents difference in total horizontal length between the maxilla and mandible, there was no significant difference between males and females. In conclusions, compared to Caucasian, Korean have more depressed midface, prognathic mandible, and ramus that rotates inferioposterior. Also, we observe that Korean women have target ramus posterior cranial base, as compared with Korean men. Consequently, the total length of maxilla and mandible does not show any difference, because man's mandible is longer than maxilla in comparison with woman's one.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.2 s.67
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• pp.203-217
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• 1998

Sella turcica contains pituitary gland that has influence on craniofacial growth. So, if the volume of sella turcica correlate to the function of Pituitary gland, we can assume that the volume of sella turcica in skeletal Class III patients has some difference to that of normal occlusion group. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference of shape and volume of sella turcica between normal occlusion group and Class III patients. The shape of sella turcica was Classified by Inaba method and the volume of sella turcica was measured in lateral and P-A cephalograms by Di Chiro method. To find out the possibility of the volume of sella turcica as diagnostic aid to predict Class III growth pattern, the correlation coefficients between the volume of sella and cephalometric variables were calculated. The results were as follows. 1. The volume of sella turcica in Class III patients is larger than that of normal occlusion groups 2. The volume of sella turcica in female was larger than that of male in Class III patients 3. The volume of sella turcica has close correlation with APDI, ANB, SNA, SNB, ODI, gonial angle, post. cranial base length 4. Sella Index (volume of sella / ant. cranial base length) can be a more accurate indicator that represent Class III growth pattern than volume of sella itself. 5. The morphologic pattern of sella turcica had no significant difference between two groups.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.5 s.58
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• pp.509-522
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• 1996

By studying the relationship between the morphology of mandibular symphysis and craniofacial morphology in classIII malocclusion, this study aims at deciding whether the morphogy of mandibular symphysis can be used as a predictor on the growth of mandible. The materials used for this study were the cephalometric radiographs of male class III malocclusion. The subjected age groups were 10-12(G1 group) and 20 and above(G2 group): 50 were selected from each group. Each group was again divided, according to the ratio of symphysis, into Large(L), Average(A), and Small(S). The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. In average the ratio of symphysis, G2 group showed significantly bigger than G1 group(p<0.05) 2. In both G1 and G2 groups, the ratio of symphysis had no relationship with the measurements on the cranial base and the maxilla(p>0.05). 3. In both G1 and G2 groups, there was not distinct difference in the antero-posterior positions among L, A, S subgroups. 4. L and A subgroups showed significantly larger than S subgroup in lower gonial angle and chin angle in G1 group (p<0.05). 5. In the measurements on the vortical relation of the face, anterior total face height(ATFH) and anterior lower face height(ALFH) of L subgroup were significantly larger than that of S subgroup in G1 group(p<0.05) and also mandible showed a tendency to grow downward vertically. 6. In the measurements on the tooth position and inclination, L subgroup showed as compared with S subgroup a tendency of extrusion of maxillary and mandibular teeth in G1 group, but G2 group showed such tendency only in mandibular teeth. 7. In the measurements on the abnormal growth prediction by Schulhof, in G1, there was no significant difference among L, A, S sugroups. 8. In the correlative analysis of the ratio of symphysis and other measurements, G1 group showed significant correlationships in chin angle, PP/MP angie, ANS-Me and other, while G2 group showed the same only in MP-LIT and MP-LMMC(p<0.05, p<0.01). In summarizing the above, in the G1 group, consisting of young males, no difference was noted in horizontal relation between L and S subgroups; in vertical relation, L subgroup showed a stronger tendency of downward growth of mandible than S subgroup. In adult male G2 group, however, no distinct morphological difference of craniofacial complex by the ratio of symphysis.