• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.126
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• pp.25-52
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• 2013

In this thesis, the author will examine how modern philosophical expression manifests in the field of ethics based on Kant's Ethics. The author will critically assess whether Kant's Ethics is an appropriate rational theoretical alternative to overcome today's ecological crisis. In the first section, the author lists the characteristics of modernity. The purpose of this section is to show why Kant's Ethics must be understood in the context of modern age and how his ethics expresses the ideology of the modernity(I). In the second section, the author will analyze the challenge Kant's Ethics face in relation to ecological crisis from the context of dualism between person and thing(II). In the last section, the author will inspect the flaw of Kant's Ethics based on his positive position regarding vicarious duties toward animals, and pose the basic direction of the theory of ecological publicness that can overcome the limits of Kant's Ethics in the context of a critical reconstruction of neo-confucian tradition(III).

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.43
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• pp.33-53
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• 2014

It's the situation that modern technological civilization shakes the life environment fundamentally without a serious reflection on the dangers. The sense of crisis' brought the rise of modern Ecology in awareness of survivability of the humanity. Because the serious reflection is not just a campaign for environmental protection, but is to establish the values which is possible to coexist and to make harmony between the nature and man, man and man, and to form a healthy relationship through philosophical thought and practice has intrinsic value for human and nature. Under these circumstances, if Yulgok lives now and he is questioned by the ecological theorists of the 21st century that "What do you think about the serious environmental problem of present times?", what really would be his explanation? In the presentation methods of the explanation, will question first what contents western ecologists who study Theory of the environment in technology, Deep Ecology, and Social Ecology propose, then will compare and introduce what similarities and differences from theirs. As a result, we'll be found that Yulgok's thought, moral consciousness, about the nature and humanity as a confucian scholar.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.54
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• pp.7-44
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• 2014

왕양명 철학의 개념과 구조는 "대학"과 밀접한 관계를 맺고 있다. 왕양명은 "대학"에 대한 새로운 해석을 시도하여 마침내 주희의 "대학" 해석과는 다른 자신만의 학문 체계를 형성하기에 이른다. 이와 더불어 그는 "중용"에 대한 해석에 있어서도 희노애락 등 감정의 미발이발과 중화 등 "중용"의 개념 설명에서 주자와는 다른 견해를 제시하고 있다. 왕양명은 "대학"과 "중용"의 관계에 대해 "자사가 "대학" 전체의 뜻을 총괄하여 "중용"의 첫 번째 장을 지었다."고 평가할 만큼, 왕양명 사상에 있어 "대학"과 "중용"은 매우 긴밀한 관계를 맺고 있다 하겠다. "대학"과 "중용"은 공부 방법에 있어 같은 목적을 추구하고 있으니, "대학"은 성의 공부를 통하여 지선한 경지에 오르는 것을 추구하고 있으며, "중용"은 성신 공부를 통해 지성의 경지에 도달하는 것을 추구하고 있다. 이와 같이 "대학"과 "중용"은 성실하게 한다[성(誠)]는 하나의 공부를 통해 지극한 경지에 오르는 것을 공동의 목표로 삼고 있는 것이다. 이처럼 양명에게 있어 "대학"과 "중용"은 서로 분리하여 말할 수 있는 대상이 아니다. 양명의 "중용" 관련 언급 가운데 가장 많은 분량을 차지하고 있는 것은 "중용"1장에 관해서이다. "중용" 1장은 "대학"의 전체 의미를 포괄하고 있기 때문이다. "중용"에서는 성(誠)이라는 개념을 통해 본체와 공부를 설명하고 있다. 양명은 "중용" 1장을 풀이하면서 본체에 대한 깨달음보다는 수도 공부를 통해 본체를 파악하는 공부를 중시하는 입장을 취하고 있다. 그는 이러한 수도 공부로 '경계하여 삼가면 두려워한다'는 계신공구를 제시하고 있으니, 양명에게 있어 계신공구는 신독이고 치중화이며 치양지 공부에 다름아니다. 여기에서 양명은 "중용"의 공부 방법을 "대학"의 그것과 연관시키고 있음을 알 수 있다.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.54
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• pp.125-153
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• 2014

이 글은 다산 정약용의 "중용자잠"과 "중용강의"를 주자의 "중용장구" 및 "중용혹문"과 비교 고찰함으로써, 다산의 "중용"의 해석에 나타난 경학적 특징을 드러내는 것을 목적으로 한다. 다산의 "중용"해석을 살펴보려는 우리는 우선 "중용"에 대한 다산의 분장절(分章節), 그리고 "중용"이란 책의 성격을 규정하는 데에서 출발하였다. 주자는 "중용"을 이학(理學)의 관점에서 이해하였지만, 다산은 천명(天命)으로 일관된 책으로 규정하면서 '소사상제지학(昭事上帝之學)'으로 규정하고 있다. II장에서는 '중용(中庸)'을 어떻게 규정하고 있는지를 살펴보았다. 주자는 '중(中)'을 불편불의무과불급지명(不偏不倚無過不及之名)으로 규정하고, 용(庸)은 평상(平常)이라고 정의했다. 이에 대해 다산은 중용(中庸)의 연원에 천착하면서, 중(中)에 대한 주자의 정의는 수용하지만, 용(庸)에 대한 해석에는 반대의 입장을 표명하면서 용(庸)이란 경상(經常) 혹은 항상(恒常)으로 해석해야 한다고 주장한다. III장에서는 주자와 다산의 "중용" 해석에서 가장 큰 대비 점을 이루는 구절을 살펴보았다. 그것은 곧 수장(首章)의 구절에서 "군자(君子) 계신호기소불도(戒愼乎其所不睹) 공구호기소불문(恐懼乎其所不聞)"에서 '불도불문(不睹不聞)', "막견호은(莫見乎隱) 막현호미(幕顯乎微)"에서 '은미(隱微)와 신독(愼獨), 그리고 "희노애락지미발(喜怒哀樂之未發) 위지중(謂之中) 발이개중절(發而皆中節) 위지화(謂之和)"에서 '미발(未發)'이라는 구절을 어떻게 해석할 것인가와 연관된다. 여기서 주자는 이학(理學)의 관점에 입각한 해석을 제시했으며, 다산은 상제학(上帝學)의 관점에서 실천지향적 해석을 제시함을 고찰하였다. 주자는 성정(性情)의 체용론의 관점에서 이 구절을 해석했지만, 다산은 모두 상제(上帝)의 조임(照臨)을 자각한 신독군자의 계신공구(戒愼恐懼)로 해석함을 살펴보았다.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.34
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• pp.363-385
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• 2009

I criticize Mou's moral metaphysics and propose the alternative depending on Kant's analysis on the sublime. (1) Mou's moral metaphysics conflicts with the scientific world view. (2) Kant's 'aesthetic space' does not conflict with the scientific world view. Futhermore, Kant's 'aesthetic space' satisfies the conditions which Mou's moral metaphysics requires. (3) Mencius's autonomous morality is not sufficient for justifying the moral law or categorical imperative. (4) At this point, the sublime plays the important role in bridging between nature and morality. (5) In Kant's context, the possibility of the autonomous moral action is achieved on the basis of the educated feeling of the sublime.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.117
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• pp.373-397
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• 2011

Nicht nur in Philosophie sondern auch im Bereich der meinsten Geisteswissenschaften $best{\ddot{a}}rkt$ sich die Gewichtigkeit des Spielbegriffs immer mehr. Aus diesem Grund wird 'Spiel' in den $vielf{\ddot{a}}ltigen$ Wissenschaftsbereichen, in $vielf{\ddot{a}}ltiger$ Weise definiert, und diese Definitionen sind im Gebrauch auch in $vielf{\ddot{a}}ltiger$ Weise. Aber trotz dieser mit Spiel $zusammenh{\ddot{a}}ngenden$ '$Vielf{\ddot{a}}ltigkeiten$' liegt immer eine identische Voraussetzung am Boden der Definitionen oder Theorien des Spiels, und das ist nichts anderes als, dass Spiel ausnahmslos eine Vertieftsein-$T{\ddot{a}}tigkeit$ ist. Anders gesagt, dass es kein Spiel gibt, in dem man sich nicht $v{\ddot{o}}llig$ aufgeht. Aber diese Ansicht ist vorwiegend nur im Abendland in Geltung, und deswegen ist es sehr bedenklich, ob man das auch auf dem Morgenland gleichfalls zutreffen $k{\ddot{o}}nnte$. Grund $daf{\ddot{u}}r$ ist, dass, weil das traditionelle $Lebensgef{\ddot{u}}hl$ nicht in einem Tage gebildet worden ist, $l{\ddot{a}}sst$ sich es nicht vermeiden, dass dieses $Lebensgef{\ddot{u}}hl$ auf alles, was mit dem Leben Zusammenhang steht, einen unmittelbaren Einfluss $aus{\ddot{u}}bt$. Dann kann man sagen, dass das sich $nat{\ddot{u}}rlich$ in der Ansicht zum Spiel widerspiegelt. Aus diesem Urteil wird man in dieser Arbeit den Vertieftseinsbegriff und den Verfremdungsbegriff gegeneinander stellen, und folglich, wenn man die 'Verfremdung' $f{\ddot{u}}r$ einen sonstigen Charakter des Spiels erachten kann, muss man sie auch in Rechnung ziehen, falls man Spielbegriff studieren will.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.62
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• pp.177-207
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• 2016

This essay is dealing with Yang-Ming Studies' fundamental ideas, which are the goal of learning, the cultivation theory, and the ultimate goal in Yang-Ming-Xin-Xue. The first, what is the goal of learning in Yang-Ming-Xin-Xue: It is generally accepted idea that the goal of learning in Yang-Ming-Xin-Xue is to be a sage. But there are different suggestions about the ideas above. The reason is like this: Zhu-Zi-Studies was eager to be a sage through its cultivation theory. Yang-Ming-Xin-Xue criticized the cultivation theory in Zhu-Zi-Studies. Therefore, some people don't agree with the idea that the goal of learning in Yang-Ming-Xin-Xue is to be a sage. In this essay, I try to demonstrate that the goal of learning in Yang-Ming-Xin-Xue is to be a sage. The second, What is the major cultivation theory in Yang-Ming-Xin-Xue: The core cultivation theory is the Zhi-Ling-Zhi(Fulfillment Innate Knowledge of Goodness). For this, there is no question, but it is difficult how to learn and practice Zhi-Ling-Zhi in the daily life. I try to explain the right meaning and practice over Zhi-Ling-Zhi. The third, what is the ultimate goal in Yang-Ming-Xin-Xue: It is general method in examine Yang-Ming-Xin-Xue that is comparing with Zhu-Zi-Studies. So there is a natural tendency focusing on the differences and similarity between Yang-Ming-Xin-Xue and Zhu-Zi-Studies. But If I say, what is the ultimate goal in Yang-Ming-Xin-Xue? That is the realization of Ren, Which is the harmony with all things in heaven and earth.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.73
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• pp.281-302
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• 2018

The role of mind is very important in Xunzi's thought. The way is permanent rule of politics that is under the control of mind which is recognizing organ for both thinking and acknowledging things in his thought. Nevertheless the mind in Xunzi's thought has desire as an organ of body to be controlled. On the other hand, the mind has conflicting two fold aspects in the course of its recognition of things like storage and vacancy, movement and calmness, and two kinds of recognizing opinion against one object. And there are various evils in thinking system of mind. In a sense, the mind of human is to be cleaned and cultivated. Xunzi proposed managing energy and cultivating mind as a thinking system. Mengzi proposed to enliven vast-flowing energy and to cultivate mind through shortening desire, while Xunzi did managing energy and caring about mind for controlling other body systems and publicly recognizing things. In Xunzi's idea the mind in the recognition of things is similar to the water in bowl as a mirror for looking at any things, and thus it is imperative for us to sink grounds in mind for becoming good water mirror. In this need the grounds of human mind would be to be sunk and also the cultivation of it would be to be demanded. Ultimately there should need the recognition of mind that is cleaned and cultivated for brightly discovering the great principle and recovering the unchangeable way with a view to preparing the condition for national peace. This thesis, in this context, to approach the meaning of mind, its two fold aspects, and the necessity of it.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.66
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• pp.227-250
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• 2017

The Conception of the Dao(道) have a large number of implication. The Dao is Taoism's representative concept, also the Confucianists considered the Dao important. But relatively the Confucianists emphasize the way of Human(人道), Taoists stress the way of Heaven(天道) The Justice is the western philosophical conception. The Justice is necessary for the peace and prosperity in interindividual, inter-social, and international. If closely consider, We can explain the real nature of Justice from the Dao, and know practicing the Dao is namely practicing the Justice. In this paper, I studied the conception of Dao and it's meaning in the philosophy of Lao-tzu (B.C. 604?~531?) and Confucius(B.C. 552~479), and researched the method of practicing the Justice. Through this study, I ascertain that Confucian's the way of Human is the Benevolence(仁), practicing the Benevolence is namely practicing the Justice. And Lao-tzu's he way of Heaven is the real nature of Justice, Nature itself remained intact(無爲自然) is namely practicing the Justice.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.1-18
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• 2022

This study was conducted to prove that the service philosophy is the development principle of human society in the service age. From ancient times to the present, the service philosophy was tried to show the wisdom of the development of human society in all earth spaces including the East and the West. In addition, it tried to prove that the service philosophy was at the center of the development wisdom of many countries and individuals who flickered on all space on earth and all human time. The study showed that the differences between countries were in software rather than hardware. Furthermore, it was analyzed that countries with a service philosophy embedded in the center of software such as spirit and culture made a great contribution to human society. The cases of Greece and Rome, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of the Netherlands, followed by the United States and modern Korea prove this, and the Soviet Union can be seen to disprove it. The former was a society in which state-run software was strong, and the latter was a society in which hardware was strong. There is a big difference between the case of the state, which citizens have autonomously organized and operated, and the case of the upper-level state-led operation. Since the leadership of the upper classes is not based on the service philosophy, the accumulated software power is weak, so it can be said that the accumulation of wisdom in human society is weak. Therefore, while the essence of human society so far has been a society of self-centered animal ecosystems led by selfishness, the human society in the service age from now on can be said to be a society of plant ecosystems where mutual respect and self-centeredness coexist. Just as the society centered on the service philosophy in the past human society prospered and left a greater legacy to mankind, it is suggested that the human society in the future service era should be a human society of a plant ecosystem centered on the service philosophy. Further in-depth studies related to this are needed in the future.