• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
• /
• v.56 no.3
• /
• pp.113-133
• /
• 2004

Although National Health Insurance(NHI) in the South Korea has guaranteed access to health insurance coverage to virtually all the people, a significant portion of out-of-pocket spending can create substantial financial burdens for some beneficiaries, particularly those with low incomes. Previous studies have estimated the magnitude of out-of-pocket spending by types of chronic illness or in- and out-patients. Prior estimates, however, have not given a complete picture of the impact of health care costs on lower-income populations. The result from this study shows that 20 percent of beneficiaries in the lowest-income quintile spent more than twelve percent of their household equivalent income out-of-pocket health services, whether they were enrolled in a Health care services or not. In comparison, the beneficiaries in the highest-income quintile level spent only 2 percent of their income out-of-pocket on health care. Also, the regression analysis suggests that age, household income, number of chronic illness, type of hospital in addition to the number of usage may affect the size of out-of-pocket spending.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.618-623
• /
• 1995

Cryptococcosis is a systemic mycosis that most often involves the lungs and central nervous system and, less frequently, the skin, skeletal system, and prostate gland. Cryptococcus neoformans, the causative organism, is a yeastlike round or oval fungus, 4 to $6{\mu}m$ in diameter, which is surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule and reproduces by budding and found in soil and other environmental areas, especially those contaminated by pigeon droppings. Humans and animals acquire infection after inhalation of aerosolized spores. Condition or factors that predispose to cryptococcosis include corticosteroid therapy, lymphoreticular malignancies, HIV infection, and sarcoidosis etc. We discribed a case of cryptococcosis involving lung and CNS coincidently without specific underlying disease and the literature on subject were reviewed. A fifty-six year-old previously healthy female presented with headache of 3 months of duration. She had no history suggesting immunologic suppression and we could not find any abnormal laboratory findings including blood sugar, serum immunoglobulin and complement level, HIV antibody, and T cell subsets. Chest roentgenogram and CT scan showed a solitary soft tissue mass in LUL with distal pneumonitis. Brain MRI showed granulomatous lesion in cerebellum and parasagittal cortex of right frontal lobe. The diagnosis was made by bronchoscopic brushing cytology, transthoracic fine needle aspiration, and sputum KOH mount and culture. She was treated 6 weeks course of Amphotericin B and switched to oral fluconazole therapy for 3 months. Her symptoms and X-ray findings were improved gradually and she is now under regular clinical follow up.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.240-246
• /
• 2009

Statement of problem: Insertion of endosseous implants in the atrophic maxilla is often complicated because of lack of supporting bone. Augmentation of the floor of the maxillary sinus with autogenous bone & bone substitute graft has been proven to be a reliable treatment modality, at least in the short term. The aim of this study is to evaluate the factors of implant survival rate associated with maxillary sinus lift with grafts. Material and methods: The sinus floor was augmented with bone grafts derived from modified Caldwell-luctechnique(71 subject, 93 sinus, 180 implants), the autogenous bone or autogenous+Bio-oss. Before implant installation the width and height of the alveolar crest were increased in the first stage procedure in 10 patients while in the other 61 patients augmentation and implant installation could be performed simultaneously width and height of the alveolar crest > 4 mm) or delayed installation. Results: In all case bone volume was sufficients for implant insertion. 14 of 180 inserted implants were lost during follow up and the healing period Patient received implant supported overdenture(5 patients) or fixed bridge(62 patients). Conclusion: Within the limit of the result of this study, we conclude that bone grafting of the floor of the maxillary sinus floor with bone for the insertion of implants might be a reliable treatment modality and the autogenous bone graft and delayed installation method might be the factors for good results.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.49-57
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how adolescent survivors of childhood cancer grieve the death of cancer peers. Methods: Data were obtained from Korean adolescents with cancer between the ages of 13 and 18 (N=12) through semi-structured interviews (face-to-face, telephone, and Internet chatting), observations of the social dynamics of participants in self-help groups, and retrieval of personal Web journals. Based on the grounded theory methodology, data collection and analysis were conducted simultaneously, and constant comparative methods were used. Clarke's situational analysis was adopted, and this paper focused on presenting "how to" and "what we can learn" from this analytic strategy. Results: Mapping examples were visualized using of three modes of maps. Adolescent cancer survivors coped with reminders of the "darkness" that ultimately featured their overall grief. Additionally, adolescents' encounters and avoidance of grief were triggered by introspection and interactions with family and friends. Conclusion: Situational analysis provided an efficient way to analyze the experiences of adolescent survivors of childhood cancer by systematizing possible information within the relational social contexts of the research phenomenon.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.139-146
• /
• 1995

Forty patients meeting DSM-III-H criteria for panic disorder and 51 normal controls were assessed with the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised(PDQ-R), a self-rating scale designed to assess Axis II personality disorders and traits. Results replicated previous findings of a preponderance of dependent, avoidant, and histrionic features. But our result showed other features such as paranoid, schizotypal, borderline, and antisocial traits also. Patients were divided into two groups according to the severity of their personality traits(high or low). These groups were compared in various panic symptomatology and SCL-90-R. None of the specific symptom dimensions in panic disorder, i.e. panic, anxiety, agoraphobia, social impairment, or chronicity was different between groups. Rather, high personality trait groups were found to have significantly more symptomatology in SCR-90-R than low personality groups. Result indicated that patients exhibiting a greater number of personality traits were also significantly more symptomatic. The results suggested a possible link beteween panic disorder and personality disorder. And, general factors such as depression, social or interpersonal sensitivity might provide a much better explanation of personality disorders in panic patients.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.901-908
• /
• 2011

For the available grid environmental realization, the resource supply PC must have to provide an appropriate security function of their operation environments. SKY@HOME is a kind of the grid computing environments. If this has not supervised by administrator handling smoothly, it is inherently vulnerable state to the security level of the grid environments, because the resource supply PC is not update a security function without delay. It is also have the troublesome problems which have to install of an additional security program for support the appropriate security. This paper proposes an integration security model on the policy-based that provides an update each level according to the situation of the resource supply PC for improving its problems as a security aspect of the SKY@HOME. This model analyzes the security state of the resource supply PC respectively, and then the result is available to provide an appropriate security of the resource supply PC using an integration security model. The proposed model is not need additionally to buy and install the software, because it is provided the security management server oriented service. It is also able to set up the suit security function of a characteristic of the each resource supply PC. As a result, this paper clearly show the participation of resource supply PC improved about 20%.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.49-54
• /
• 2006

The X-ray unit developed by this study is to diagnose emergency cases which is too far from a hospital and to classify the patients. We have to use the X-ray in a ambulance or the scene of an accident where we cannot use the AC220 outlet because of the distance from a hospital as well. The X-ray unit developed has a characteristics as follows. First of all, as the unit has a condenser in itself where there is no electric supply, we can use the X-ray inspector in a mountain area or a island. Second, we can detect by digital detector the information taken by X-ray from DC 12[V] electricity and store as a form of file. A control circuit can secure the reliability of the X-ray unit by using the Pic16F84A X-ray and provide various functions. The X-ray unit which suits remote emergency system can be efficiently used for the emergent cases who is too far from a doctor and a hospital or in the situation where it is difficult to diagnose, transcribe and treat simultaneously.

• Korean Security Journal
• /
• no.42
• /
• pp.205-227
• /
• 2015

The Korean Peninsula is put in a position to carry out a highly strategic game vis-a-vis nK, which is asserting itself as a nuclear power amongst Northeast Asia's complex dynamics. While the international community recognizes nK's possession of nuclear weapons as released secret based on nK's three nuclear tests, shrewd strategic thinking is needed by ROK to secure itself as a non-nuclear nation in order to assume a responsible role to the international community, while simultaneously being ready to respond at all times for nK's military provocations. ROK must continue with its twofold strategy, by firm response to military confrontation with nK and maintaining flexible policy of tolerance in the areas of economy and ethnicity. Various strategic options to overcome nK's nuclear threats have been presented to ROK, whose possession of nuclear weapons have been difficult, and nK's nuclear capability is a real threat to ROK's national security. We must be able to respond to nK's nuclear threats strictly from ROK's national security perspective. This thesis aims to propose a response policy for nK's nuclear capability and nK's nuclear attack based on analysis of such nuclear damage, ROK Government's response posture against nK's nuclear threats, centered around ROK Government's non-military response posture.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.55-63
• /
• 2005

Purpose : 자하거(Hominis Placenta; HP)는 건강한 사람의 태반을 홍제(烘製)하여 건조한 것으로 한의학에서는 기혈(氣血)을 대보(大補)하고 신정(腎精)을 보익(補益)시켜 구병(久病)으로 인한 신체허약(身體虛弱)이나 혹은 체질허약(體質虛弱)과 혈기부족(氣血不足) 및 신허정휴(腎虛精虧) 등 등(證)을 치료(治療)하는데 단미(單味) 또는 복방(複方)에 배오(配伍)하여 쓰여왔다. 또한 자하거는 면역학적으로 골대사 활성이 있는 것으로 알려져 있어 본 연구에서는 자하거의 항골다공증 활성을 분자세포생물학적으로 검정하고자 하였다. Methods : Osteoblast cells에서 자하거가 COX-2 mRNA의 발현과 $PGE_2$ 생합성을 억제시키는지를 관찰하기 위해 먼저 TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-${\beta}$ 와 IL-6를 처리한 후 $PGE_2$의 생합성과 더불어 COX-2 mRNA의 발현을 확인하였다. 그 후 TGF-${\beta}$, 자하거(紫河車)와 이 둘의 조합인 자하거+TGF-${\beta}$가 COX-2 mRNA 발현과 $PGE_2$ 생합성을 저해시키는지 관찰하였다. 또한 자하거가 IL-1${\beta}$로 유발된 흰쥐의 과칼슘혈증을 감소시키는지를 확인하였다. Results : IL-6, IL-1${\beta}$와 TNF-${\alpha}$를 동시에 처리하면 이것을 단독으로 처리한 것과 비교해 볼 때 $PGE_2$의 생합성과 더불어 COX-2 mRNA의 수치가 상승작용을 일으키며 증가하였다. TGF-${\beta}$, 자하거와 이 둘의 조합인 자하거+TGF-${\beta}$은 COX-2 mRNA 발현, $PGE_2$ 생합성 및 골재흡수를 감소시켰다. 자하거(紫河車)는 IL-1${\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$와 IL-6 각각 또는 이들의 조합으로 인해 증가하는 COX-2 mRNA 발현과 $PGE_2$ 생성을 감소시키는 반면 COX-1 mRNA 발현에는 유의성 있는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 한편 자하거는 농도의존적으로 IL-1${\beta}$로 유발된 흰쥐의 과칼슘혈증을 감소시켰다. 이러한 결과는 흰쥐의 두개골 골아세포에서 $PGE_2$ 생산에 대한 IL-${\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6의 상승작용이 COX-2의 유전자 발현 증가에 기인함을 보여주었다. Conclusions : 이러한 결과들로부터 자하거가 골대사과정중 골재흡수를 억제하는데 효과적임을 밝히게 되었으며, 자하거의 골다공증의 억제기전이 골재흡수관련 단백질들의 전사조절에 있음을 최초로 해명하게 되었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.29 no.12
• /
• pp.1366-1372
• /
• 1996

Bronchoplasty has gained popularity in the selected cAses of bronchogenic carcinoma with poor pulmonary reserve, and also has been a choice of treatment for obstructive bronchial diseases since it can cure patient completely with preservation of pulmonary function. From Apr. 1990 to hpr. 19'96 two methods of bronchoplastic procedures, d patch dilating bronchoplasty and a segmental bronchial resection with end-to-end anastomosis, were performed with or without concominant pulmonary resection in 13 patients with benign bronchial stenosis and obstruction. The patients were 8 men and 5 women with average age of 43years(range 19 to 64 years). Patch dilating bronchoplasty using autogenous perichondrium and pericardium was applied in 5 cases of bronchial stenosis. Antecedan diseases of bronchial stenosls were 3 inflammatory bronchiectas is, and 2 endobronchial tuberculose is mixed with bronchi,ectas is. Segmental bronchial resection with end-to-end anastomosis was applied in 8 cases of bronchial obstruction, which were caused by endobronchial tuberculosis in 6 and cicatrization after trauma and foreign body in one case each. Bronchial obstructive symptoms and signs including recurrent pulmonary infection, dyspnea and wheezing were disappeared postoperatively with satisfactory recovery of physical activity. There was no operative mortality. Morbidity occured in 2 patients which were one case of unstability of applied bronchial patch resulting atelectasis and one case of bronchial restenosis at the anastomotic site. Based upon our experiences, we conclude that bronchoplastic procedure can be done with great success in patients with lung atelectasis caused by bronchial obstruction or stenosis and it restores physiologic function of collapsed lung with acc ptable complication.