• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.857-864
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• 2003

In a trial involving 120 pigs, the effects of transport time on blood profile and meat quality in pigs were investigated. One group of 60 animals was subjected to 20 min and the others to 2 h transport time, and held in lairage for 1 h 30 min. There was not significantly different in the carcass weight, backfat thickness and carcass grade between groups. Cortisol and lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) concentrations were significantly(P〈0.05) higher in the group transported for 2 h compared with the group transported for 20 min. There was not significantly different(P〉0.05) in meat quality(pH$_1$, pH$_{u}$, drip loss, cooking loss, hardness, CIE L$^{*}$, a$^{*}$, b$^{*}$ and NPPC) and skin damage of pork carcass between groups. These results imply that the stress could be affected by transport time in transit without meat quality.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2012

Efficient oocyte activation is a key step for the success of nuclear transfer in cloning. Ionomycin sequentially combined with 6-DMAP is now widely used to activate normal oocytes for analytical studies of oocyte activation and to activate reconstructed oocytes after nuclear transfer. The present study investigated sources of oocytes, duration of ionomycin and 6-DMAP, laser and electric stimulation in goat oocyte activation in order to optimize the protocols. Goat ovaries were collected in individual abattoirs during the breeding season and were delivered to the laboratory within 6 h in saline with 100 IU/ml streptomycin and 0.05 mg/ml penicillin. The oocytes were denuded from the cumulus cell by pipetting with 0.2% hyaluronidase in PBS at 20~22 hr post maturation. Oocytes with the polar body were selected and assigned to four groups for parthenogenetic activation. To examine the effect of duration of ionomycin treatment, oocytes after 20~22 hr of maturation were treated with 2.5 uM ionomycin for 1 or 5 min times and then cultured in 2 mM 6-DMAP for 2 or 4 hr. The activated oocytes were cultured in mSOF at $38.5^{\circ}C$ in $CO_2$ 5%, $O_2$ 5% and $N_2$ 90% multi incubator. Cleavage and blastocyst development was observed at 48 hr and day 8 of culture $in$ $vitro$, respectively. Activation rates of oocytes exposed to ionomycin for 1 min(86.4%) were significantly higher than those treated for 5 min(74.3%) duration. This indicated that 1 min ionomycin treatment was most suitable for activation of goat oocytes. The duration of 6-DMAP treat duration was in 2 mM 6-DMAP for 2 hr after 1 min exposure to 2.5 uM ionomycin. The activation rate of oocytes incubated in 6-DMAP for 2 hour(82.5%) was significantly higher than those in oocytes treated with 4 hr(75.5%).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 1977

To investigate the condition of infectious rate of fascioliasis in the farm animals. This survey was carried out, by the interdermal reaction from different animals, ages and pestures in Daejeon Suburbs and Cattle market and Abattoir. The average positive rate of infectious reaction were 31.0% in Korean Cattle, 38,7% in dairy Cattle, 33.8% in Korea native Goats and 26.9% in dairy Goat. The positive rate was higher at the age of 2~6 that compares with at age of yearling. From survey on the river side area, valley and wet area, the rate of positive was occured higher, than from plain, high land and in case of animals have not been grazing. And the detective rate of liver fluke among the positive reaction was occured 92.5% in Korean Cattle and 94.7% in Korea native Goat.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.229-235
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• 1986

1984년 5월부터 1985년 5월까지 대구(大邱), 경북(慶北), 경남(慶南) 및 충남지역(忠南地域) 7개(個) 양돈장(養豚場)의 자돈(仔豚) 및 성돈(成豚)의 분변(糞便) 및 양돈장(養豚場)의 흙, 하수(下水), 사료(飼料), 추비(推肥), 쥐 등 7,440예(例)와 대구시(大邱市) 도축장(屠畜場)의 도축돈(屠畜豚) 장간막임파절(腸間膜淋巴節) 및 직장내용물(直腸內容物) 555예(例)로부터 분리(分離)한 319주(株)의 Salmonelia속균(屬菌)을 대상으로 항균제(抗菌劑)에 대한 내성(耐性) 및 전달성(傳達性) R plasmid의 분포상황(分布狀況)을 조사(詞査)하였던 바 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 공시균(供試菌) 319주(株) 중(中) 250주(株)(78.4%)가 ampicillin(An), chloramphenicol(Cm), gentamicin(Gm), kanamycin(Km), nalidixic acid(Na), rifampicin(Rf), streptomycin(Sm), sulfadimethoxine(Su), 또는 tetracycline(Tc)에 내성(耐性)을 나타내었으며, 약제별(藥劑別)로는 Su(74.9%), Sm(53.0%) 및 Tc(28.5%)에 높은 내성(耐性)이 인정(認定)되었다. 2. 내성균(耐性菌) 250주(株)의 전달성(傳達性) R plasmid 보유율(保有率)은 51.2%(128주(株))였으며, 약제별(藥劑別)로는 Am경우 100%, Tc 92. 3% 및 Cm 75.0% 순으로 보유율(保有率)이 높았다. 3. 내성균(耐性菌) 250주(株)의 내성양상(耐性樣相)은 SmSu(91주(株)), Su(59주(株)) 및 TcSmSu(50주(株))내성형(耐性型)이 대부분이었고 R plasmid 전달후(傳達後)의 내성양상(耐性樣相)은 TcSmSu(40주(株)) 및 TcSu(28주(株)) 내성형(耐性型)이 많았다. 4. 양돈장별(養豚場別) 내성균(耐性菌) 출현빈도(出現頻度)는 48.0~93.6%로 다양(多樣)하였고, 전달성(傳達性) R plasmid 보유율(保有率)은 0~77.8%로 내성균(耐性菌) 출현빈도(出現頻度)와 일치(一致)되지 않았다. 5. 공시균(供試菌) 319주(株) 중(中) 각각(各各) 2주(株)는 Rf 및 Gm에 대해 내성(耐性)을 나타내었고, 내성균(耐性菌) 250주(株) 중(中) 73.2%(183주(株))가 다제내성(多劑耐性)이었으므로 Salmonella의 다제내성화(多劑耐性化) 경향(傾向)이 있었다. 6. 내성균(耐性菌) 250주(株) 중(中) R plasmid 전달후(傳達後) 5주(株)는 TcAmCmSmSu내성형(耐性型), 1주(株)는 TcAmKmSmSu내성형(耐性型)임이 확인되었다.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.66-70
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• 2005

This study was conducted to determine the effects of MgSO₄ supplement on meat quality and serum stress hormones concentrations in late finishing pigs. Sixty castrated Landrace pigs (average weight±S.D., 106.5±8.9 kg) were assigned to a control diet (without MgSO₄ supplement) and diet with MgSO₄(10 g/kg diet) supplemented. Pigs had free access to diets and water during five-day feeding period. At the end of feeding experiment, pigs were fasted for 16 hours and transported to commercial slaughter plant (30-minute transportation distance). After 2-hour lairage time, pigs were slaughtered, and blood samples were collected at bleeding procedure of slaughter. Pigs fed the diet with MgSO₄ supplement had higher (p<0.05) serum magnesium concentrations than those in pigs fed a control diet. Serum adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol concentrations determined at slaughter were not significantly different between dietary groups. Carcass temperature, pH at 24h post- slaughter, drip loss and color characteristics were not influenced (p>0.05) by short-term supplement of MgSO₄. Pigs fed the diet supplemented with MgSO₄ diet had lower PSE incidence (23.3%) compared to pigs fed the control diet (33%). These results indicate that short-term supplement of dietary MgSO₄ in late finishing pigs may not be beneficial in improving pork quality, and further study needs to assess feeding regime of magnesium supplement.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

To evaluate the microbiological quality of pork carcasses at different slaughtering process in large and small scale slaughtering houses, swabbing method was used to analyze microorganisms on the surface of pork belly in each process of before evisceration, after evisceration, before final wash, after final wash and in chilling. In autumn time, large scale slaughterhouse showed lower incidence of aerobic microorganisms (10²∼10³ CFU/㎠) than those of small scale slaughterhouse (10⁴∼10/sup 5/ CFU/㎠) during all processing lines. Samples from cold room of large scale slaughterhouse showed lower incidence of aerobic cells (10² CFU/㎠) than small scale slaughterhouse (10⁴ CFU/㎠). In winter and spring time, large scale slaughterhouse showed lower incidence of aerobic microorganisms than those of small scale slaughterhouse during the slaughtering process of before evisceration, after evisceration and before final wash, except spring samples from before final wash and chilling at cold room storage in spring time. After final wash, different sampling place of carcass such as belly, ham, jowl showed the different washing effect depending on the small and large scale slaughterhouse. After final wash, ham and belly had lower aerobic cell counts, but jowl had higher aerobic cell counts than each site before final wash.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2003

발생학에서 키메라(chimera)는 2개 이상의 다른 유전자형의 세포, 또는 다른 종의 세포로부터 만들어진 1개의 생물개체를 뜻하는 말로, 이는 초기 수정란의 발달과 포유류의 분화를 연구하는데 이용되고 있다. 키메라를 만드는 방법에는 할구와 내세포괴를 응집시키는 방법과 배반포 내에 여러 종류의 세포를 주입하는 방법이 있다 본 실험에서는 서로 다른 두 가지 방법의 활성화 처리법, 즉, ionomycin 처리 후 Cycloheximide (CHX) 또는 6-Dimetylaminopurine (6-DMAP)에 따른 단위 발생란의 분할과 단계적인 발달율을 살펴 보고자 하였으며, 서로 다른 방법에 의해 생산된 단위발생란 유래의 할구와 체외수정란 유래 할구를 응집하여 키메라 수정란(chimeric embryo)를 만든 후 체외수정란과 발달율을 비교해 보았다. 도축장 유래의 난소에서 난자를 채취하여 체외에서 22~24시간 성숙시킨 후 난구세포를 제거하고 metaphase II 단계의 난자를 5 $\mu$M ionomycin에 4분간 처리한 후, 10 $\mu$g/ml CHX/5 $\mu$g/ml cytochalasin B (CCB)에 5시간 또는 1.9 mM 6-DMAP에 4시간 처리하여 분할율과 배반포기 발달율을 비교 조사하였다. 난자 분할율에서는 체외수정란과 6-DMAP처리 단위 발생란에서 각각가 83.7 와 85.5%로 CHX/CCB 처리 단위발생란의 57.9%보다 유의적으로 높게(P<0.05) 나타났으며, 배반포기 발달율에 있어서는 체외수정란의 발달율이 27.8%로 6-DMAP처리 활성란 12.3%와 CHX/CCB 처리 활성란 5.3%보다 유의적으로 높게 (P<0.05) 나타났다. 키메라 수정란(chimeric embryo)은 서로 다른 두 가지 처리에 의해 생산된 단위발생란의 할구 2개와 체외수정란 유래의 할구 2개를 빈 투명대 내에서 응집시켜 제조하였다 빈 투명대 내에 키메라 수정란(chimeric embryos)의 8 세포기까지의 발달율은, 체외 수정란 할구 2개와 CHX/CCB 처리에 의한 할구 2개를 응집한 그룹은 46.1%, 체외 수정란 할구와 6-DMAP 유래 할구 2개를 응집한 그룹은 52.8% 였으며, handled control은 54.7%로 체외 수정란 77.7%에 비해 유의적으로 낮게(P<0.05) 나타났다. 배반포기까지의 발달율은 체외 수정란과 CHX/CCB에 의해 생산된 키메라 수정란(chimeric embryo)은 12.8%, 체외 수정란과 6-DMAP에 의한 키메라 수정란(chimeric embryo)은 18.8%로 handled control의 21.4%에 비해 유의적으로 낮았으며(P<0.05), 이들 키메라 수정란(chimeric embryos)은 체외 수정란의 34.9%에 비해 유의적으로 낮게(P<0.05)나타났다. 6-DMAP 처리 단위발생이 유기된 수정란 할구 2개와 체외수정란의 할구 2개의 응집에 의한 키메라 수정란(chimeric embryos)의 발달율이 CHX/CCB와 체외수정란의 응집에 의한 키메라 수정란(chimeric embryos)에 비해 다소 높게 나타났으나, 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 본 실험의 결과 서로 다른 방법에 의한 단위 발생란 유래의 할구와 체외 수정란 유래의 할구가 응집에 의한 재조합이 가능하였고 이들을 체외에서 배양하여 배반포기의 수정란까지 발달시켰다.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.65-71
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• 2017

The elevated temperature and high humidity has been known as main reason for heat stress on animals and cause detrimental effects on productivity of organisms and physiological conditions of normal bioactivities. The aims of this study were to evaluate the relationship between time of heat shock simulation during in vitro maturation and developmental competence of subsequent embryo after in vitro fertilization. Heat shocked cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) of Korean native cattle were subjected to normal conditions for 22, 21, 18 and 12 h respectively and transferred to heat stress inducing condition at $40.5^{\circ}C$ in other incubator for 0 (control), 1 and 4 h. After maturation for 22 h, the oocytes were fertilized and cultured in mSOF media for 8 d and examined the developmental capacity of embryos. There were no differences in maturation and cleavage rates between 0, 1 and 4 h heat socked oocytes, but blastocysts formation were lower in the 4 h heat stressed oocytes. The apoptotic cells of developed blastocysts were also increased in at day 8 with 4 h heat shocked oocytes. These results indicate that heat shock on oocytes during maturation could cause negative effects on the developmental competence of embryos.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.278-285
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• 2016

Epidemiological studies have shown the association between transportation of live animals and the potential transmission of infectious disease between premises. This finding was also observed in the 2014-2015 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in Korea. Furthermore, slaughterhouses played a key role in the global spread of the FMD virus during the epidemic. In this context, in-depth knowledge of the structure of direct and indirect contact between slaughterhouses is paramount for understanding the dynamics of FMD transmission. But the social network structure of vehicle movements to slaughterhouses in Korea remains unclear. Hence, the aim of this study was to configure a social network topology of vehicle movements between slaughterhouses for a better understanding of how they are potentially connected, and to explore whether FMD outbreaks can be explained by the network properties constructed in the study. We created five monthly directed networks based on the frequency and chronology of on- and off-slaughterhouse vehicle movements. For the monthly network, a node represented a slaughterhouse, and an edge (or link) denoted vehicle movement between two slaughterhouses. Movement data were retrieved from the national Korean Animal Health Integrated System (KAHIS) database, which tracks the routes of individual vehicle movements using a global positioning system (GPS). Electronic registration of livestock movements has been a mandatory requirement since 2013 to ensure traceability of such movements. For each of the five studied networks, the network structures were characterized by small-world properties, with a short mean distance, a high clustering coefficient, and a short diameter. In addition, a strongly connected component was observed in each of the created networks, and this giant component included 94.4% to 100% of all network nodes. The characteristic hub-and-spoke type of structure was not identified. Such a structural vulnerability in the network suggests that once an infectious disease (such as FMD) is introduced in a random slaughterhouse within the cohesive component, it can spread to every other slaughterhouse in the component. From an epidemiological perspective, for disease management, empirically derived small-world networks could inform decision-makers on the higher potential for a large FMD epidemic within the livestock industry, and could provide insights into the rapid-transmission dynamics of the disease across long distances, despite a standstill of animal movements during the epidemic, given a single incursion of infection in any slaughterhouse in the country.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.201-207
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• 2017

To increase the productivity of in vitro development, the antioxidants have been used for culture system of bovine oocytes and embryos. However, comparative studies on these molecules are rare and direct beneficial effects on blastocyst production cannot be discriminated for best results. The study was conducted to determine the influence of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), N-acetyl-L-cysteine amide (NACA), glutathione (GSH) and cysteamime (CYS) on maturation competence of COCs from GV to MII stage and productivity of blastocyst formation during in vitro fertilization and culture. There was no difference among maturation rates of oocytes to metaphase II with polar body with antioxidants for any of the treatment groups (p>0.05). However, the significant improvement on the rate of blastocysts ($32.3{\pm}5.0%$) was found in 0.1 mM CYS treatment than 0.3 mM NAC, 0.2 mM NACA or 0.5mM GSH (p<0.05). The addition of NAC ($18.8{\pm}3.7%$) or NACA ($21.2{\pm}3.9%$) did not improve development competence to morula and blastocysts than control ($24.4{\pm}4.1%$) and GSH ($26.5{\pm}5.0%$) (p>0.05). Our study showed that medium supplementation with CYS during IVM and IVC improved the rate of bovine embryo development but not with NAC, NACA and GSH addition.