• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.180-180
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• 2021

가로수는 「도로법」 제11조에 따른 도로(고속국도를 제외한다)와 보행자전용도로 및 자전거전용도로 등 대통령령으로 정하는 도로의 도로구역 안 또는 그 주변지역에 심는 수목을 말하며, 도시의 가로수는 기후조절효과 및 대기오염 정화효과 등을 가질 뿐 아니라 도심지 내에 녹색을 도입하고 도시경관을 구성하는 주요 요소이다. 전국 각 시도에서는 가로수 조성사업을 지속적으로 추진하고 있다. 하지만 몇몇 도시에서는 적절하지 않은 가로수 관리로 인해 가로수가 말라죽는 현상이 증가하고 있다. 이에 가로수 고사 현상을 감소시키기 위하여 토양수분과 토양온도를 측정하여 가로수 피해와 연관성을 조사할 필요성이 있다고 판단하였다. 본 연구는 춘천시에서 진행하였으며, 일반 가로수와 현재 가로수 고사로 문제가 되고 있는 3 모니터링 지점을 선정하고, 토양수분 센서를 5, 15, 40 cm 깊이에 설치하였다. 센서를 이용하여 토양수분과 지온, EC 모니터링을 실시하였다. 토양수분 모니터링 자료를 활용하여 토층별 토양수분 소비량 산정을 하고, 현장 토양시료를 채취하여 물리·화학적 특성을 분석하였다. 또한 가로수 증발산량 산정 및 토층별 토양수분 소비량과 소비패턴을 비교하였다. 본 연구 결과를 향후 RZWQM(Root Zone Water Quality Model) 모델의 기초자료 및 시나리오 구성에 활용될 수 있으며, 모니터링 및 모델링 결과를 활용하여 가로수 및 도시 표토 기능 위협 요인을 분석에 활용 될 수 있다.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2023

This study analyzed and compared the physicochemical characteristics of topsoil and subsoil of Grade 1 soil from an igneous rock area on the ecological and nature map. The water content and pH of the collected soil samples were measured, and X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction analyses were performed. The results showed that the water content of the topsoil was higher than that of the subsoil, and its pH was more acidic than that of the subsoil. According to the X-ray fluorescence analysis results, sample I9 was closest to kaolinite, while sample I7 was most distant from kaolinite. All other samples were located between samples I7 and I9. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the average content of clay minerals was higher in the topsoil than in the subsoil. The most notable clay minerals produced included illite, vermiculite, kaolinite, chlorite, and gibbsite. The results of this study will be used as a basic data for topsoil restoration to convert subsoil into topsoil.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2001

The objectives of this study were to investigate the contamination of the soils around the major roadsides in Seoul and to accumulate base-line data. Fifty topsoils ($0{\sim}5$ cm) and 48 subsoils ($20{\sim}50$ cm) were collected from 50 sampling sites near Manguro in Chungnanggu. The samples were air-dried, passed through 2-mm sieves, and analyzed to determine the physicochemical properties and the contents of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) and anions (Cl, $NO_3$, $SO_4$). Soil textures of top- and subsoils were mainly loamy sand and sandy loam, respectively. Average $_PH$ of top- and subsoil was approximately 7.5, much higher than that of the forest soils in Seoul. Average heavy metal contents were lower than the levels allowed by the Soil Environment Conservation Act of Korea, whereas much higher than those of the forest soils. Contents of some heavy metals were higher than the maximum allowed levels. Anion concentrations were also much higher than those of the forest soils. A careful management to prevent the aggravation of the present contamination level and the diffusion of contaminants is recommended.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.489-489
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• 2022

도시의 가로수들이 열악한 부지 조건과 적절하지 않은 가로수 관리로 인해 죽는 현상이 몇몇 도시에서 발생하고 있다. 열악한 부지 조건과 적절하지 않은 가로수 관리에는 생물학적·기상학적으로 많은 요소들이 있고, 그 밖에 도시 설계로 인한 요인들로 다양하다. 그중 연구지역인 춘천시에서는 가로수가 죽는 원인 중 토양수분이 가장 큰 원인일 것이라고 판단하였다. 토양수분 분포의 시간적 공간적 특성들은 증발, 침투, 지하수 함량, 토양 침식, 식생 분포 등을 지배하는 중요한 요소이며, 토양수분 연구는 물순환과정의 특성을 이해하는데 있어서 필수적인 과정이다. 하지만 토양수분 분석은 중요성에 비해 활발한 연구가 이루어지지 않고 있으며, 특히 가로수 토양수분에 대해서는 연구가 없는 실정이다. 따라서 가로수 토양수분 모니터링을 실시하였고, 장기적인 가로수 관리를 위해 모델링을 하였다. 모델링 기초자료 확보를 위한 토양수분 모니터링은 춘천시의 가로수 중 세 군데를 선정해 각각 10, 20, 30 cm에 센서를 설치하였다. 이를 통해 약 1년간의 토양수분 함량 데이터를 수집하였고, 모니터링 지점의 토양을 샘플링 후 분석하여 물리, 화학, 생물성 데이터를 수집하였다. 모델링은 RZWQM(Root Zone Water Quality Model)을 이용하여 시나리오를 구성하였다. 모델링 결과를 활용해 가로수 및 도시 표토 기능을 위협하는 요인을 분석하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.109-115
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• 2008

Malfunction of gutter systems in the slope area accelerate to percolate surface flow into underground and to cause the decrease of soil strength, Overflowing from gutter causes soil erosion from slope surface, secondary it is one of the main reasons to cause disaster in the hillside area. Much researches were reported and are undergoing about flood disaster in the down stream area, but rare in the upper reach(hillside). It is considered that improving function of gutter in the hillside is very important to prevent the disaster caused by rainfall. In this paper, After analyzing relationship between rainfall and disaster on the hillside in Busan, researches about having surface flow run into gutter effectively and preventing from overflowing outside of gutter on the hillside in Busan were carried out. Improved design methods of gutter are suggested to mitigate disaster in the sloping area by analysis of collected data and hydraulic model test.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.351-357
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• 2000

This study was carried out to find out characteristics and contamination status of the urban-forest soils. Both topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (40-60 cm) samples were collected from Namsan, Changdeok-palace, Seongjusan and Odaesan (control). The samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties, heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) and anion $(NO_3\;^-,\;SO_4\;^{2-})$ contents. Soil pH of Odaesan was the highest followed by Namsan, Changdeok-palace and Seongjusan. The anion concentrations of the soil samples were in the order of Namsan, Seongjusan > Changdeok-palace > Odaesan. The relationships between soil pH and the anion concentrations showed highly significant negative correlation, which indicated acidification of soil due to air pollutants such as $NO_3\;^-$ and $SO_4\;^{2-}$ was going on. The heavy metal contents of the soils of urban-forest were higher than those of control. Heavy metal contents in the topsoil were higher than those in the subsoil. Since urban-forest soils were quite vulnerable to acidification and heavy metal accumulation due to chronic exposure to air pollutants such as automobile exhaust, a comprehensive countermeasure not to deteriorate urban-forest ecology must be prepared in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.106-115
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• 2009

Knowledge about how to stabilize soil structure is essential to conserve soil systems and maintain various biogeochemical processes through soil. In urban area, soil structural systems are degraded with inappropriate management and land use and become vulnerable to erosion. We analyzed the structural changes of surface soils with different land uses, i.e., forests, parks, roadside green area, riparian area, and farmlands (soybean fields), in the Anyang Stream Watershed in order to find the factors influencing the stability of soil structure and the implication for better management of surface soil. Soil organic matter contents of other land use soils were only 18~52% of that in forest soils. Soil organic matter increased the stability of soil aggregates in the order of soybean fields < roadsides < riparian < parks < forests and also reduced soil bulk density (increased porosity). The lowest stability of soybean field soils was attributed to the often disturbance like tillage and it was considered that higher stability of park soils comparing to other land use soils except forests was owing to the covering of soil surface with grass. These results suggest that supply of soil organic matter and protection of soil surface with covering materials are very important to increase porosity and stability of soil structure.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.505-513
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• 2021

Recently, housing prices in metropolitan areas is also increasing in the UK and Australia. Their governments are trying to solve this problem by the housing development in the quarry sites near cities. The cases reviewed in this study, Erith Hill Quarry (The Quarry), Plymstock Quarry, Lilydale Quarry (Kinley), and Bombo Quarry are the mixed-used development cases in the closed quarry sites through the urban planning system. In the UK, the local government uses the urban planning scheme such as the planning permit system, section 106. The local government permits the quarry site development on the condition that it provides necessary public facilities, such as schools and affordable housing for the local community. In Australia, local governments use up-zoning permission rights to convert land uses in quarries from industrial to mixed-use. Development plans have to include urban infrastructure and open space in addition to affordable housings. In the case of Australia, establishing a development plan in advance and filling the quarry pit with overburden through a phased development is expected to have the effect of reducing the project cost. Both countries think that developing brownfields, such as quarry sites, is a more sustainable and eco-friendly development from the perspective of future generations than developing new green fields. Such a perspective of the UK and Australia will be able to give policy implications for our slightly rigid urban development system.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 2002

Present contamination levels of soils along the major roadsides of Seoul, Korea were investigated, and base-line data were accumulated for future use. Topsoil $(1{\sim}5$ cm) and subsoil $(20{\sim}50$ cm) from five districts (Gangdong-, Gwangjin-, Nowon-, Seodaemun- and Seongdong-gu) were sampled. The collected samples were airdried, passed through 2-mm sieves, and analyzed to determine the physicochemical properties including pH, EC, CEC, exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), and heavy metal contents (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn). Soil textures of topsoils and subsoils were mainly loamy sand and sandy loam, respectively. The range of pH was $4.5{\sim}10$.0 with an average of 7.5 for both topsoil and subsoil, which is much higher than that of the forest soils in Seoul. The ranges of 0.1 N HCI extractable Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn contents for both topsoils and subsoils were $0.0l{\sim}l.19$, N.D. (not $detected){\sim}228$.99, $N.D.{\sim}352$.54, and $2.97{\sim}332$.96 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. Most of the average heavy metal contents were lower than the concern level of the Soil Environment Conservation Act of Korea, but were much higher than those of the , forest soils in Seoul. Some sites were higher in heavy metal contents than the concern levels; in particular, the average Cu content in Seongdong-gu was much higher than the concern level, 50 mg $kg^{-1}$. Careful management of the soil to prevent the aggravation of the present contamination level and the dissemination of contamination is highly recommended.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.278-278
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• 2017

전 세계적인 기후변화로 인한 기상이변 현상으로 국지성 호우가 빈번하게 발생하는 시점에 강우로 인한 토양유실 문제가 심각하게 대두되고 있다. 또한 급격한 도시, 산업화의 진행으로 인해 강우로 인해 유실되는 토양의 양이 증가하여 생태계에 악영향을 미치고 있다. 따라서 국내에서는 토양유실문데를 해결하기 위해 많은 연구를 진행하고 있다. 토양유실문제를 해결하기 위해서는 토양유실현상의 원인을 파악하기 위한 모니터링 연구를 수행하여 현상을 분석하는 것이 가장 정확한 방법이지만 수반되는 인적, 경제적 한계가 발생하게 된다. 따라서 많은 연구자들은 토양유실량 산정 및 유사거동특성을 계산하는 모형을 활용한 연구가 수행되고 있다. 토양유실량을 산정하는 모형 중 전 세계적으로 가장 많이 사용되는 범용토양유실량산정공식(Universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE)은 5개의 인자를 사용하여 연평균 토양유실량을 산정한다. 국내의 경우 환경부에서 제정한 '표토의 침식 현황 조사에 관한 고시'에 표토침식현황을 조사하는 방법으로 USLE 공식을 사용한다. USLE 모형을 구성하는 인자 중 C facotr는 작물의 생육과정에 따른 변화를 고려하지 않고 작물에 대한 획일적인 값을 제시하고 있어 밭에서 발생되는 정확한 토양유실현황을 예측하는데 한계가 있다, 따라서 본 연구에서는 식생피복변화에 따른 C factor산정방안을 제시하기 위해 비점오염원관리지역으로 지정된 자운지구 내 고랭지밭을 대상으로 실측을 통한 C factor를 제안하였다. 식생피복변화에 따른 C factor를 제안하기 위해 우선적으로 제작되어야 하는 NDVI map을 제작하기 위해 본 연구에서는 무인항공기인 ebee와 Multi-spectral 센서를 사용하여 실측을 진행하여 NDVI map을 제작하였으며, C factor를 제안하기 위해 Jamil A.A.Anache et al의 연구결과에 명시된 C factor 산정식을 적용하여 식생피복 변화에 따른 C factor를 산정하였다. 산정결과, 획일적인 값을 제시하는 기존 C factor와 다르게 식생피복에 따라 변화하는 C factor가 산정되었다. 본 연구를 통해 제안된 무인항공기를 사용한 C factor 산정방안을 통해 정확한 토양유실량을 산정하는데 기여할 것으로 판단된다.