• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.54-68
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• 2014

In order to analyze the land surface properties in Seoul and its surrounding metropolitan area, several indices and land surface temperature were calculated by the Landsat satellites (e.g., Landsat 5, Landsat 7, and Landsat 8). The Landsat data came from only in the fall season with Landsat 5 on October 21, 1985, Landsat 7 on September 29, 2003, and Landsat 8 on September 16, 2013. The land surface properties used are the indices that represented Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Modified Normalized Difference Wetness Index (MNDWI), Normalized Difference Wetness Index (NDWI), Tasseled cap Brightness, Tasseled cap Greenness, Tasseled cap Wetness Index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and the land surface temperature of the area in and around Seoul. Most indices distinguish very well between urban, rural, mountain, building, river and road. In particular, most of the urbanization is represented in the new city (e.g., Ilsan) around Seoul. According to NDVI, NDBI and land surface temperature, urban expansion is displayed in the surrounding area of Seoul. The land surface temperature and surface elevation have a strong relationship with the distribution and structure of the vegetation/built-up indices such as NDVI and NDBI. While the NDVI is positively correlated with the land surface temperature and is also negatively correlated with the surface elevation, the NDBI have just the opposite correlations, respectively. The NDVI and NDBI index is closely associated with the characteristics of the metropolitan area. Landsat 8 and Landsat 5 have very strong correlations (more than -0.6) but Landsat 7 has a weak one (lower than -0.5).

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.154-154
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• 2011

화석연료의 가격 및 공급의 불안정과 온실가스감축 국제 규제 강화 등에 대한 대안으로 여기는 신 재생에너지는 높은 초기 투자 부담으로 인하여 관련기술의 연구개발과 보급정책 등 전과정에 걸친 정책 지원체계가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 지열에너지를 이용하는 지열냉난방기술에 중점을 두고 이에 대한 중장기 정책 포트폴리오 작성을 위한 기술 및 정책적 접근방안을 제시하고자한다. 지열에너지의 가장 큰 특징은 기후 등에 영향을 크게 부하가 변하는 태양광, 풍력 등과 달리 일정한 부하를 유지함으로써 안정적인 에너지공급이 가능하다는 것이다. 또, 품질 측면에서도 화석연료를 이용한 기존의 연료보다 쾌적한 환경을 조성하여 고급에너지로 평가받고 있다. 반면, 설비를 갖추기 위한 천공, 히트펌프 설치 등에 큰 비용이 든다는 단점을 가지고 있다. 현재 히트펌프 제작기술은 국산화를 완료한 상태로 사실상 기술개발에 의한 큰 폭의 원가절감은 기대하기 힘든 상황이다. 하지만, 유사분야인 시스템 에어컨이 표준화 및 대량생산을 통한 시장 보급 확대로 보급단가가 하락한 것을 고려해 볼 때 이를 통한 가격하락은 어느 정도 기대해 볼 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 에너지 외적인 측면에서 볼 때도 지열에너지의 공급은 상당한 의미를 갖는다. 건물 냉 난방용 이외에 다양한 용도의 개발을 통해 비닐하우스나 온실 등에 지열에너지를 이용할 경우 정부차원에서 농어촌에 대한 지원이 가능하다. 또, 기존의 에너지원을 조달하는데 어려움이 있는 산간, 도서지방에서는 도시지역보다 투자대비 큰 효과를 볼 수 있어 지역간 에너지 불균형 해도에도 도움이 될 수 있다. 이와같은 지열에너지의 특성에 따라 향후 발전방향을 정리해 보았다. 핵심기술인 지열 히트펌프의 산업구조와 시장 보급 확대를 통한 가격하락을 기대한다. 지역개발 및 고립지역에서 타 신 재생에너지와 함께 독립적인 전력, 냉난방 등의 완전 에너지 공급시스템을 갖출 수 있다. 또한 특수 작물 등의 고급 농수산물 생산등의 용도개발을 통해 지열에너지 공급역량을 성장시킬 수 있을 것이다. 이와 함께 중장기 비젼을 제시하기 위해 추진되어야 할 연구과제로는 시장 보급 확대에 따른 가격경쟁력 도달 가능성에 대한 연구를 통해 산업육성 방안 마련, 타 신 재생에너지기술과 복합 설치에 의한 시너지 효과 및 이에따른 초기 투자비 증가에 대한 대책, 보급 잠재량 조사, 지열시스템의 자금 조달 및 관련 정책 검토 등이 있을 수 있다.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.169-186
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• 2000

The Miocene volcanic rocks in the Dangsari area, eastern part of Ulsan city, are mainly composed of andesite lava flows and pyroclastic rocks. The andesite lavas are identified as two-pyroxone andesite, comprising phenocrysts of augite ($Wo_{43.2}$ $En_{41.0}$ $Fs_{15.8}$ ) and hyperthene ($Wo_{2.7}$ $65.8_{En}$ $_{Fs}$ 31.5). The andesitic pyroclastic rocks are largely composed of pyroclastic breccias with alternating tuff-breccia and lapilli tuff, which showing planar layering, and minor amount of andesitic tuff with thin deposits of interlayered tuffaceous shale. According to the petrochemical data, andesitic rocks belong to medium-K calc-alkaline andesite. The position of bulk composition on the AFM diagram and the presence of normative quartz and hypersthene indicate that the volcanic rocks are calc-alkaline. The trace element composition and REE patterns of andesite, which are characterized by a high LILE/HFSE ratio and enrichment in LREE, suggest that they are typical of continental margin arc calc-alkalic volcanic rocks produced in the subduction environment. On the discrimination diagram, the Dangsari volcanic rocks fall into the fields of subduction related continental margin arc volcanic province. The primary magic melts may be derived from about 15% partial melting of mantle wedge in the upper mantle under destructive plate margin. And the melt evolved to calc-alkaline andesite magma by fractional crystallization and the magma was a little contaminated with crustal materials.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.252-265
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• 2017

This study aims to analyze the landscape ecological characteristics of green spaces within built up area of high density and evaluate the potential applicability of green patches, thereby introducing urban garden for generating green networks in residence areas. To this end, Yeoksam-Dong was selected as the site area since it is classified as both green initiative zone and alienated area of park service in Seoul. First, the current condition of green spaces in Yeoksam-Dong was identified by five categories: Street trees, private garden, public pocket garden, rooftop garden, and park. Then, the landscape index analysis through FRAGSTATS and connectivity assessment via multi-buffer zone analysis were carried out for analyzing the green networks and evaluating the potential value of green space. The results showed that the degree to which green areas in the site were distributed is arranged in the order of street tree, private garden, public pocket garden, park, and rooftop garden. In case of the street trees whose total core area (TCA, $1,618m^2$) is as high as the park's ($1,128m^2$). Private garden has potential for green network in built up area of high density by gardening since the shape of the patches are irregular (ED = 78.1m/ha) and the average distance among the patches is close (ENN=33.9m). Public pocket garden has also potential for gardening according to the result that it was found to be distributed evenly (LPI=5.7%, SHEI=0.9) with exposing external disturbance ($TCA=66m^2$). For the green network, 84% of all the study site is covered by small green network in 50m butter range of connected green area. The effect of green network was expected through gardening in public pocket garden (27%) and street tree (26%). Accordingly, it is encouraged to actively utilize street tree, private gardens, and rooftop gardens and to establish the urban gardens like local-based community gardens in public pocket garden where a variety of activities can be carried out near residential areas. By doing so, green networks can effectively be established in built up area with high density. The results of this study can contribute positively to fostering the creation of various types of urban gardens.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1269-1278
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• 2014

The urban highway, which is a motorway constructed to solve traffic issues, has the characteristic of extremely high damage to life during traffic accidents because the speed of vehicles is higher than typical roadways. In particular, because traffic accidents involving serious injuries hold a very important place among overall traffic accidents, analysis on factors affecting the occurrence of traffic accidents involving serious injuries must be considered with priority when establishing a reduction measure. Therefore, the study built a model that was capable of distinguishing the degree of the factors as part of microscopic analysis for investigating the complex effect of many elements concerning the occurrence of traffic accidents involving serious injuries in urban highways. The results are as follows. First, discriminant model showed a comparatively high level in overall accuracy rates, and, considering the correlation ratio, the models were determined to be valid, as all characteristics of the factors were clearly distinguished. Second, the problems of traffic accidents involving serious injuries on urban highways according to each factor, were clearly drawn out through the discriminant model. Third, the improvement measure for the problems drawn out from the discriminant models were clearly proposed.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.78-92
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• 2005

Petrographical and petrochemical analyses for late Miocene basalts in Goseong-gun area. Gangwon province, were carried out to interpret the characteristics and the origin of magma. The basaltic rocks occurred as plug-dome in the summit of several small mountain and developed columnar jointing with pyroxene-megacryst bearing porphyritic texture. And the basalt contains xenoliths of biotite granite (basement rocks), gabbro (lower crustal origin) and Iherzolite(upper mantle origin). The basalts belong to the alkaline basalt field in TAS diagram and partly belong to picrobasalt and trachybasalt field. On the tectonomagmatic discrimination diagram f3r basalt in the Goseong-gun area. they fall into the fields for the within plate and oceanic island basalt. The characteristics of trace elements and REEs shows that primary magma for the basalt magma would have been derived from partial melting of garnet-peridotite mantle. This late Miocene basalt volcanism is related to the hot spot within the palte.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.123-140
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• 2018

This paper analyzes herd behavior observed in the loan market from 2001 to 2014 using a panel data on commercial banks including state-owned banks, domestic private banks, foreign banks, and Islamic banks. The paper finds evidence that herd behaviors of domestic private and foreign banks have been pronounced and long-lasting around the 2008 global financial crisis when state-owned banks did not show such a behavior. This result shows that since private banks tend to be keen on maximizing profits and avoid financial risks exposed by lending during a financial crisis, their lending decisions are not independent but dependent on whether other banks increase loans or not. On the other hand, Islamic banks do not show herd behavior during the financial crisis. This finding is consistent with earlier studies that Islamic banks have different characteristics, such as profit and operation mechanisms, from other private banks. Another interesting finding is that when it comes to rural loans, all the banks' herd behavior is short-lived and the herding indexes are quite volatile. This finding is attributable to distinct features of rural loans. Usually maturities of rural loans are shorter than city loans and related to the cycle of farming. Agricultural production is heavily dependent on unpredicted factors, such as floods and droughts, not previous year's production. Lastly, the paper finds a herding across bank type that state-owned, foreign, and Islamic banks follow domestic private banks'lending decisions.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.64-77
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• 2013

In China, archaeological research on Xiongnu started later than in foreign countries. In the late $19^{th}$ century, several Russian archaeologists started to study Xiongnu's archaeological culture. However, since the late $20^{th}$ century, archaeological research of the Xiongnu in China quickly gained speed. The Xiongnu culture has been reported in Mongolia, northern steppe of China and eastern part of Eurasian steppe. Mainly, Xiongnu sites, dated from the late 2nd century B.C. to the 1st century A.D., are reported on the west side of Baikal Lake(Zabaikal), Mongolia and the Inner Mongolia of China. Based on the historical records and the archaeological remains, the North Xiongnu culture is defined to be the remains of Zabaikal, and the South Xiongnu culture the archaeological remains of Northern China. The expelled North Xiongnu, while fleeing to the western part of Eurasia, left traces of their own archaeological remains in southern Kazakhstan, Xinjiang of China, Altai, and finally appeared in the Europe as Huns. In order to adapt to the environment of northern steppe of China, Xiongnu used a nomadic economic system, giving uniqueness to its iron works. The most characteristic iron works of the Xiongnu is the highly-sophisticated iron weapons. Compared with the iron works of agricultural economic society, Xiongnu iron-works are short of production tools and various vessels. The "Nomadic type" iron works found in Xiongnu area date back to the Warring Country period or slightly later. Further research need to be conducted on "Nomadic type" Xiongnu iron works.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.13-24
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• 2016

What are the roles and functions of urban gardening created by citizens in Sujin 2-dong, Seongnam-si? This study has looked into urban gardening in everyday life in a bid to find possible solutions for sustainable urban regeneration. The paper has examined the types, functions, and characteristics of urban gardens in Sujin 2-dong, where the urban restoration project is in progress. This study has conducted primarily on-site inspections and interviews. The research findings are as follows. Most urban gardens in Sujin 2-dong have a vertical structure rather than a regular ground-based one due to lack of land. Six major locations of building a garden include the front of a building, rooftop, top of a gate, stairs, wall, and yard. Rooftop gardens are most common and are built mostly for production purposes. Due to architectural characteristics of this village, there are relatively many stair gardens built mostly for aesthetic purposes. The garden in front of a building has served multiple functions, including formation of entry, privacy protection, and prevention of unauthorized parking. Other than those, detached houses have quality urban gardens built with greater effort and care, while multi-household houses have seen a decrease of stair gardens and an increase of vertical gardens due to their comparatively limited space. By utilizing this research, we hope to show that it is important to understand the local's wisdom and voice for a sustainable urban environment as well as keep these findings in mind during the construction of new buildings. This study would be expected to be useful as primary research for urban gardening in everyday life and alternative ways of urban regeneration.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.311-320
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• 2006

Digital filters designed using wavelet theory are applied to bathymetry data acquired from KR5 area of Korea Deepsea Mining Area. The filters used in this study are the linear B-spline wavelet filter and derivative of a Cubic B-spline filter. With proper tuning of the digital filters, we can identify the location and orientation of the abyssal hill and abyssal trough in bathymetry. These features obtained from the digital filters are well correlated with bathymetric image. This quantitative information, which can be used to understand the underlying geophysical processes, can be further processed to obtain the spacing, orientation and distribution of the abyssal hill. This wavelet analysis of bathymetry provides good data to select the mining site.