• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.30 no.7_8
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• pp.408-416
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• 2003

An electronic cash system has to provide the security, to prevent the double spending and to support the divisibility of electronic cash for the easy of use. Divisible electronic cash system allows an electronic cash to be divided into subdivisions. Each subdivision is worth any desired value, but all values must add up to the original cash value. Divisible scheme brings some advantages. It reduces to make the change and also there is no necessity that a customer must withdraw a cash of the desired value whenever transactions occur. In this paper, we present an electronic cash protocol which provides the divisibility based on the double hash chain technique. Electronic cash is constructed in the form of coins. Coins, generated by the double hush chain, have different denominations. The divisibility based on the double hash chain technique. Electronic cash is constructed in the form of coins. Coins, generated by the double hash chain, have different denominations. The divisibility of an electronic cash is satisfied by the payment certificate, which is a pair of bank´s proxy signature received from the bank. When a customer pays the coin of subdivision, the fairness of that coin is certified by a customer´s signing instead of a bank. Although the proposed method does not guarantee user´s anonymity, it generates coins which cannot be forged, and the customer can use an electronic cash conveniently and efficiently with its divisibility.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.635-646
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• 2016

This paper proposes a housing business model, where the presale and Chonsei housing are supplied under a presale system at the same time based on the characteristic correlation between the housing presale market and Chonsei market in Korea. Markowitz portfolio theory was used to review the risk diversification effects from the changes in the ratio between the presale housing supply and the Chonsei housing supply. The housing sale price indicator was used as a proxy variable to determine the presale housing supply. The housing Chonsei price indicator was used as a proxy variable to determine the Chonsei housing supply. The proposed housing business model was applied to major areas in Korea to examine the risk diversification effect. Comparisons of the regional portfolio analyses showed that the flexibility of the proposed housing business model can be quite effective because each regional housing market exhibits different characteristics. Market participants, such as developers, construction companies, consumers, and government, can expect various effects through the proposed housing business model. Nevertheless, policy support is necessary for practical applications of the proposed housing business model. In particular, public funds from the government need to be introduced.

• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.39-66
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• 2018

This paper analyzes the structures and issues of 2018 Korean local elections based on the author's observations on the electoral processes. Even if this paper does not follow a traditional statistical method, it provides the interpretative meanings of 2018 local elections by utilizing an expert's observations of campaign processes. This result of 2018 election can be summarized into two analytical frames. In terms of electoral competition structure, three key factors, such as presidential approval rating, party competition structure, ideological spectrum, tend to affect the winning of governing party. In the light of election issue, the inter-Korean summit, the Washington-Pyeongyang summit, Incheon deprecating remark were positive to the vote gains of governing party, but the negative campaign, the drucking scandal and the swing voters were found not to be significant. The local election in Korea tends to show dual meanings, a proxy war of national-level politics and a composition process of local government. This paper found that the 2018 election has dual meanings at the same time, in a sense that it is the punishment of the ex-governing party's wrongdoing and the power change of local government.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.55-80
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• 2012

I. Introduction Developing the relationships between companies is very important issue to ensure a competitive advantage in today's business environment (Bleeke & Ernst 1991; Mohr & Spekman 1994; Powell 1990). Partnerships between companies are based on having same goals, pursuing mutual understanding, and having a professional level of interdependence. By having such a partnerships and cooperative efforts between companies, they will achieve efficiency and effectiveness of their business (Mohr and Spekman, 1994). However, it is difficult to expect these ideal results only in the B2B corporate transaction. According to agency theory which is the well-accepted theory in various fields of business strategy, organization, and marketing, the two independent companies have fundamentally different corporate purposes. Also there is a higher chance of developing opportunism and conflict due to natures of human(organization), such as self-interest, bounded rationality, risk aversion, and environment factor as imbalance of information (Eisenhardt 1989). That is, especially partnerships between principal(or buyer) and agent(or supplier) of companies within supply chain, the business contract itself will not provide competitive advantage. But managing partnership between companies is the key to success. Therefore, managing partnership between manufacturer and supplier, and finding causes of conflict are essential to improve B2B performance. In conclusion, based on prior researches and Agency theory, this study will clarify how business hazards cause conflicts on supply chain and then identify how developed conflicts have been managed by two control mechanisms. II. Research model III. Method In order to validate our research model, this study gathered questionnaires from small and medium sized enterprises(SMEs). In Korea, SMEs mean the firms whose employee is under 300 and capital is under 8 billion won(about 7.2 million dollar). We asked the manufacturer's perception about the relationship with the biggest supplier, and our key informants are denied to a person responsible for buying(ex)CEO, executives, managers of purchasing department, and so on). In detail, we contact by telephone to our initial sample(about 1,200 firms) and introduce our research motivation and send our questionnaires by e-mail, mail, and direct survey. Finally we received 361 data and eliminate 32 inappropriate questionnaires. We use 329 manufactures' data on analysis. The purpose of this study is to identify the anticipant role of business hazard (environmental dynamism, asset specificity) and investigate the moderating effect of control mechanism(formal control, social control) on conflict-performance relationship. To find out moderating effect of control methods, we need to compare the regression weight between low versus. high group(about level of exercised control methods). Therefore we choose the structural equation modeling method that is proper to do multi-group analysis. The data analysis is performed by AMOS 17.0 software, and model fits are good statically (CMIN/DF=1.982, p<.000, CFI=.936, IFI=.937, RMSEA=.056). IV. Result V. Discussion Results show that the higher environmental dynamism and asset specificity(on particular supplier) buyer(manufacturer) has, the more B2B conflict exists. And this conflict affect relationship quality and financial outcomes negatively. In addition, social control and formal control could weaken the negative effect of conflict on relationship quality significantly. However, unlikely to assure conflict resolution effect of control mechanisms on relationship quality, financial outcomes are changed by neither social control nor formal control. We could explain this results with the characteristics of our sample, SMEs(Small and Medium sized Enterprises). Financial outcomes of these SMEs(manufacturer or principal) are affected by their customer(usually major company) more easily than their supplier(or agent). And, in recent few years, most of companies have suffered from financial problems because of global economic recession. It means that it is hard to evaluate the contribution of supplier(agent). Therefore we also support the suggestion of Gladstein(1984), Poppo & Zenger(2002) that relational performance variable can capture the focal outcomes of relationship(exchange) better than financial performance variable. This study has some implications that it tests the sources of conflict and investigates the effect of resolution methods of B2B conflict empirically. And, especially, it finds out the significant moderating effect of formal control which past B2B management studies have ignored in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.89-120
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• 2010

In this paper, we analyse empirically the relations between ownership structure and cash holdings of firms listed on Korea Securities Market and Kosdaq Market of Korea Exchange. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. Cash holdings increase as large shareholder's equity holdings increase. Cash holdings increase as the difference between first largest shareholder's and second largest shareholder's equity holdings increase, and cash holdings increase as the ownership concentration increase. Managerial ownership exert a non-linear effects on cash holdings. So to speak, at lower level of managerial ownership, managers hold more cash to pursue their own interests at the expense of minority shareholders, but at higher level of managerial ownership, the interests of managers and shareholders are aligned, and also at highest level of managerial ownership, managers hold more cash to pursue their own interests at the expense of minority shareholders. Cash holdings increase larger in owner-controlled firm than in management-controlled firm. These results support the expropriation of minority shareholders hypothesis that large shareholders can extract private benefits from corporate resources under their control at the expense of minority shareholders. This paper contributes to defining information value of large shareholder's equity holdings on cash holdings for a firms' other stakeholders such as investors and creditors, and to strengthening a legal and institutional safeguard for external minority shareholders. Ownership concentration might have negatively affected the evolution of the legal and institutional frameworks for corporate governance and the manner in which economic activity is conducted. It could be a formidable barrier to future policy reform.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.395-401
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• 2017

This study has aware of the seriousness of public official. and come up with an effective counterplan about public official. This research is a study on previous research on government and officer crime. And understanding is the status about public official. It proposed ways to solve the problem Drunk driving is illegal to drive a vehicle while drunk act. Drunk driving is likely the potential to cause a traffic accident. As a result, drinking and driving is decreasing since the mid-2000s. The cause of the change is to strengthen social awareness, regulations for drunk driving. and public official was decreased. However, it did not disappear. Cause of drunk driving is wrong, such as dinners and cultural distrust of the deputy driving, drinking after misjudgment on his physical condition. public official is a bigger influence. It is a social problem. Personally great damage to organization. Therefore, this study is an analysis of international practices and domestic best practices. Officials drunk driving drunk driving prevention measures are proposed to strengthen preventive measure, it is proposed the organization of internal control measures, union officials supporting the improvement of company dinner.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.31-43
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• 2003

The transformation of sector system in ICT, a prominent character in sector systems, has been paid much attention in innovation theory since Information technologies and technological environment have rapidly changed. In this context, we employ US patent data and proxy variables, measuring the basic elements for analyzing SIS and its technological characteristics in order to explore how SIS is transformed. By utilizing patent analysis, it is demonstrated that technological regimes, key links and Schumpeterian patterns of innovation have transformed drastically over last 3 decades in overall ICT sector. Consequently, our research shows clear evidence that Schumpeterian patterns of innovation have shifted from Mark I to Mark II in ICT. Our study provides a glimpse picture of dynamics of SIS since 1970 in the technological level by utilizing patent analysis.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-29
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• 1999

한국은 지난 1960년대 이후 실업률이 추세적으로 하락하여왔기 때문에 실업구조, 직업탐색에 대한 관심이 비교적 적었으나 최근의 고 실업률은 이에 대한 연구의 필요성을 제고시키고 있다. 기존의 연구들은 저 실업률 시기의 자료를 사용한 것이므로 1998년의 고 실업률 자료를 활용한 연구는 다른 연구결과를 가져올 것이다. 이 글은 고 실업률 시기로 진입한 지 1년이 되는 98년 11월말 광주광역시에서 실시된 상시고 실직자에 대한 설문조사자료를 이용하여 고 실업률 시기의 실직자의 직업탐색과 실업기간을 분석하였다. 본 연구결과는 기존의 연구결과와 많은 부분에서 일치하지만 한국에서 대량실업은 처음 겪는 상황이므로 이전의 연구결과와 다르거나 새로 확인된 사실들도 몇 가지 있다. 연구결과를 요약 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 비자발적 이유에 의한 실직자가 약 70%를 차지하고 구인배율이 아주 낮아 최근의 실업은 수요부족에서 발생한 것이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서 임금을 낮추고 희망하지 않는 직종 산업 종사상 지위로 하향 구직을 하고 있었다. 둘째, 고실업률이 장기화되면서 나타난 현상으로는 구직경로가 다양해졌고, 유보 임금 및 수락임금이 전직임금보다 약 20% 하락함으로써 임금이 신축적임을 보여 주었다. 그러나 고실업 사태를 급작스럽게 맞이하면서 이전임금에 대한 집착이 강하여 하락폭은 충분히 신축적이었다고 보기는 어렵다. 셋째, 실업보험수급자는 유보임금 하락률이 높았고 실업 탈출률도 높았다. 이것은 직업탐색이론과 상반된 결과로 노동수요부족사태를 처음 겪으면서 노동시장에 대한 정보가 모든 실업자에게 동일하지 않고, 실업보험수급자가 보다 완전한 정보를 가지고 있으며, 실업보험지급에 따른 구직독려 때문인 것으로 생각된다. 넷째, 기존 연구들과 마찬가지로 유보임금은 전직 임금에 크게 의존하였으며 실업기간에 대한 해자드 분석에 의하면 유보임금의 대리변수인 전직임금이 낮을수록, 구직을 적극적으로 할수록 탈출률일 높았다. 인적속성으로는 인적자본축적이 많고 다양한 취업정보를 접할 수 있는 고학력자의 탈출률이 높았다. 다른 나라에 대한 기존 연구의 근속기간이 긴 남성 실업자는 실업기간이 길었지만 여기서는 반대의 결과가 나왔다. 그것은 기업의 도산 등에 따른 실직자의 경우 유용한 인적자본 보유자가 많고 축적된 자산으로 자영업으로 탈출할 확률이 높기 때문인 것으로 해석된다.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.119-145
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• 2014

Under the premise that information privacy concerns can atrophy e-commerce by causing particular behaviors of Internet users, this study focused on exploring the causes of information privacy concerns, the related information privacy protective responses of Internet users, and measures for alleviating the information privacy concerns. This study is based on the 'principal-agent theory,' and established the following as factors that cause information privacy concerns of Internet users: perceived information non-transparency; perceived action uncertainty. Also, the information privacy concerns caused by the factors were established as the cause of information privacy protective responses of Internet users. Also, the concept of 'signaling' and 'incentive,' which were presented to solve the adverse selection and moral hazard issue in the host-agent theory, was introduced to establish the following as factors that alleviate information privacy concerns: trust; informativeness. Those factors were included in the research model to conduct an empirical analysis. The analysis has revealed that both the perceived information non-transparency (p<0.01) and perceived action uncertainty (p<0.01) as to websites had a significant impact on information privacy concerns. Also, information privacy concerns of Internet users (p<0.01) had a significant impact on their information privacy protective responses who strive to protect their personal information. In addition, when trust and informativeness, which were established as factors that can alleviate information privacy concerns, were empirically analyzed, trust and informativeness had the effect of alleviating information privacy concerns. Based on the findings, the following was confirmed: Boosting the trust of Internet users in websites and offering useful information related to personal data can play a key role in alleviating the information privacy concerns of Internet users.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.1-14
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• 2011

The surrogate safety assessment model which was developed based on the conflict theory by FHWA in the US is software to analyze traffic conflicts using the individual vehicle trajectory data from a microscopic traffic simulation model. This study aims at assessing the safety of different signal control strategies, including pre-time and actuated signal control, using the SSAM. To this end, this study effort has developed a microscopic traffic simulation model using VISSIM through a field study, and then produced the surrogate measures, including TTC, PET, DR, MaxS and DeltaS, and the numbers of conflicts, including rear-end, right angle and lane-changing conflicts. The assessment results indicated that the actuated signal control may produce more conflicts in terms of rear-end conflicts. The use of SSAM in the safety assessments for diverse traffic alternatives in a safe and fast way may contribute to the improvement of safety in the roadway transportation.