• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2013

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a normal inhabitant of skin, throat, mouth, vagina, and urethra. It is not usually pathogenic, particularly in immunocompetent hosts. This report describes a case of a pyogenic liver abscess caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis in a healthy 12-year-old boy. He was admitted to Seoul St. Mary's Hospital with intermittent fever for 6 days. Findings on abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed a mass measuring $7.0{\times}6.5$ cm in the right hepatic lobe. Culture of the abscess resulted in growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis as a causative organism. The patient was successfully treated with intravenous administration of antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of the abscess.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.99-112
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• 2021

Purpose : This study aimed to comprehensively understand the work experience of the person in charge of the adequacy evaluation of small-and medium-sized hospitals and explore its meaning and essence in-depth. Methods : This was a descriptive qualitative study. The study participants were 10 nurses who understood the purpose of this study and participated voluntarily. Data collection was conducted via in-depth interviews in January 2021. The interviews were conducted 1-2 times per participant and lasted approximately 40-50 minutes per session. Data analysis was performed using a qualitative content analysis. Results : The work experience of the person in charge of the adequacy evaluation of small-and medium-sized hospitals included four themes: "difficulty in preparing for evaluation," "negative views on evaluation," "lack of a support system," and "positive improvements and changes due to an evaluation." Conclusion : Based on the above results, an education program and support system should be developed to strengthen the competence of nurses in charge of the adequacy evaluation of small- and medium-sized hospitals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2021.07a
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• pp.113-116
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• 2021

우리나라는 최근 COVID-19 감염병 재난에 대한 체계적이고 성공적인 방역과 대응으로 국제적인 주목과 인정을 받고 있으며, 세계 10위 수준의 국가 경제 발전과 재난관리 중요성의 인식 향상에 따라 수준 높은 국가 재난관리 체계에 대한 국민적 관심과 요구가 높아지고 있다. 2004년 국가 위기관리 기본지침의 제정과 함께 국가 위기관리 표준 매뉴얼이 수립된 이래로 국가 위기관리 체계에서 위기관리 매뉴얼은 중추적인 역할을 담당하고 있다. 하지만 4차시대 혁명시대 ICT 기술 및 재난정보들이 융합된 재난 대응 환경에서 책자와 파일 위주의 정적 문서 포맷과 비구조적인 내용구성으로 주요정보 간 연계·활용성이 낮은 현재 매뉴얼 체계는 실제 재난상황에서 KEY 역할을 수행하기에는 여러 측면에서 한계가 뚜렷하다. 본 논문에서는 국가 위기관리 매뉴얼 체계 개선의 초석을 마련하는 단계로써 표준 매뉴얼에 대한 구성요소를 분석하고 기관 간 협업관계를 분석하였다.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 1985

Sixty one commercial seed samples of three cruciferous vegetable crops were examined for seed-borne Alternaria spp. by deep freezing blotter method. Alternaria raphani, A. brassicicola and A. brassicae were detected from 7, 6 and 1 seed samples of chinese cabbage out of 20 with average infection ratio of 3.8, 1.8 and 0.5, respectively. A. raphani and A. brassicae were detected from 11 and 2 seed samples of radish out of 38 with average infection ratio of 7.2 and 1.0, respectively. A. brassicicola was detected from 3 samples of cabbage seed with average infection ratio of 21.8. Most of the Alternaria spp. detected were recovered from the seed coat and caused seed rot and seedling infections. A. brassicicola was recovered from the embryos of radish, chinese cabbage and cabbage in low infections and A. raphani was recovered from the embryos of radish. In inoculation experiments, A. brassicicola, A. brassicae and A. raphani produced black leaf spots on old leaves of three creciferous vegetable crops and the spots gradually increased in size appearing gray to light brown lesions which later coalesce and caused defoliation.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.397-428
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• 2019

Fantasy emerges from the cracks and crevices of rational reality. Italo Calvino says, "Fantasy is possible when the reader stays at a certain distance without falling into the text." Fantasy does not form farthest from reality. It comes from the confusion between reality and fiction. In short, fantasy does not exist on the contrary of reality, but on the boundary of reality. Reality and fantasy are also structurally intertwined. We can't distinguish the reality from fantasy clearly. In fact, in this case, the reader or audience is confused about whether what I see is real or not. Todorov calls this case "hesitation." Hesitation is a key element of fantasy. Two texts that expressed "hesitation" are Kim Young-ha's short novel Vampire (1997) and Wes Anderson's film The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014). On the surface, these two texts seem to have nothing to do with narrative structural similarities. And both also arouse readers' and audiences' interest by letting confuse reality to fantasy. In Kim Young-ha's Vampire, we can look at the process of confusion of reality called "narrative infection" when a text is read to the reader. In the movie The Grand Budapest Hotel, we can find a strategy to make an unreal story feel like a fact in history. And we can also find a process in which the success stories of alienated characters become reality through 'solidarity' in the film. This paper is a study of how fantasy creates "reality", makes readers feel fantasy, and how it spreads through these two texts.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.9
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• pp.977-982
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• 2006

Purpose : There has been an increasing amount of literature concerning the association between Mycoplasma pneumoniae and asthma pathogenesis. Interleukin(IL)-6 stimulates the differentiation of monocytes, and can promote Th2 differentiation and simultaneously inhibit Th1 polarization. IL-8 is a potent chemoattractant and, it has been suggested, has a role in asthma pathogenesis. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by airway epithelium may be important in the regulation of airway inflammation and reactivity. Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) has been reported to be a mediator of airway remodeling in asthma. We investigated the effects of M. pneumoniae on IL-6, IL-8, NO and VEGF production in human respiratory epithelial cells. Methods : A549 cells were cultured and inoculated with M. pneumoniae at a dose of 20 cfu/cell. After infection, the presence of M. pneumoniae in epithelial cell cultures was monitored by immunofluorescence and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) detection. IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. NO was measured using the standard Griess reaction. Results : In A549 cells, M. pneumoniaeinduced IL-6, IL-8, NO and VEGF release in time-dependent manners. It also induced mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF in similar manners. Conclusion : These observations suggest that M. pneumoniae might have a role in the pathogenesis of the allergic inflammation of bronchial asthma.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.735-742
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to elucidate the tolerance of woody plants to simulated acid rain in relation to mycorrhizal inoculation. Germinating seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia were planted in 1I pots with autoclaved soil mixture of vermiculite, sand and nursery soil at 1:1:1 ratio. Each pot was inoculated with both crushed root nodules from a wild tree of the same species and commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum of Glomus intraradices at the time of planting the seedlings. Simulated acid rains at pH 2.6, 3.6, 4.6, and 5.6 were made by mixing sulfuric acid and nitric acid at 3: 1 ratio. Each pot received nutrient solution without N and P, and was also supplied with 180 ml of the one pH level of the acid rains once a week for 50 days. The plants were grown in the green house. At the end of experimental period, plants were harvested to determine contents of chlorophyll, mineral nutrients and net photosynthesis in the tissues, dry weight of the plants, and mycorrhizal infection in the roots. Mycorrhizal infection rate was significantly reduced only at pH 2.6, which meant vitality of G intraradices was inhibited at extremely low pH. Height growth, dry weight production, nodule production and chlorophyll content were increased by mycorrhizal infection in all the pH levels except pH 3.6. Particularly, mycorrhizal inoculation increased root nodule production by 85% in pH 5.6 and 45% in 4.6 treatments. But the stimulatory effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on nodule production was reduced at pH 3.6 and 2.6. Net photosynthesis was increased by mycorrhizal infection in all the pH levels. The phosphorus(P) content in the tissues was increased by 43% in average by mycorrhizal inoculation, which was statistically significant except in pH 2.6. It was concluded that mycorrhizal inoculation of Robinia pseudoacacia would enhance growth and resistance of the plants to acid rain by improving the photosynthesis, phosphorus nutrition, and more nodule production.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 2024

Salmonella is a common food-borne intracellular bacterial pathogen that has triggered significant public health concerns. Salmonella hosts' genetic factors play a pivotal role in determining their susceptibility to the pathogen. Cysteine-rich intestinal protein 1 (CRIP1), a member of LIM/double zinc finger protein family, is widely expressed in humans, such as in the lungs, spleen, and especially the gut. Recently, CRIP1 has been reported as a key marker of several immune disorders; however, the effect of CRIP1 on bacterial infection remains unknown. We aimed to elucidate the relationship between Salmonella infection and CRIP1 gene deficiency, as Salmonella spp. is known to invade the Peyer's patches of the small intestine, where CRIP1 is highly expressed. We found that CRIP1-deficient conditions could not alter the characteristics of bone marrow-derived myeloid cells in terms of phagocytosis on macrophages and the activation of costimulatory molecules on dendritic cells using ex vivo differentiation. Moreover, flow cytometry data showed comparable levels of MHCII⁺CD11b⁺CD11c⁺ dendritic cells and MHCII⁺F4/80⁺CD11b⁺ macrophages between WT and CRIP1 knockout (KO) mice. Interestingly, the basal population of monocytes in the spleen and neutrophils in MLNs is more abundant in a steady state of CRIP1 KO mice than WT mice. Here, we demonstrated that the CRIP1 genetic factor plays dispensable roles in host susceptibility to Salmonella Typhimurium infections and the activation of myeloid cells. In addition, differential immune cell populations without antigen exposure in CRIP1 KO mice suggest that the regulation of CRIP1 expression may be a novel immunotherapeutic approach to various infectious diseases.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.429-435
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• 2023

Epidemiological studies suggest that maternal infection, maternal stress, and environmental risk factors during pregnancy increase the risk of brain development abnormalities associated with cognitive impairment in the offspring and increase susceptibility to schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Several animal models have demonstrated that maternal immune activation (MIA) is sufficient to induce abnormal brain development and behavioral defects in the fetus. When polyinosine:polycytodylic acid (poly I:C) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is commonly used in maternal immune activation animal models, was introduced into a pregnant dam, an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial activity was observed in the offspring's brain. Microglia are brain-resident immune cells that play a mediating role in the central nervous system, and they are responsible for various functions, such as phagocytosis, synapse formation and branching, and angiogenesis. Several studies have reported that microglia are activated in MIA offspring and influence offspring behavior through interactions with various cytokines. In addition, it has been reported that they play an important role in brain circuits through interactions with neurons and astrocytes. However, there is controversy concerning whether microglia are essential to brain development or lead to behavioral defects, and the exact mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, for the potential diagnosis and treatment of brain developmental disorders, a functional study of microglia should be conducted using MIA animal models.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.123-128
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• 2001

Clonorchiasis, known as the parasitic fluke in the intrahepatic bile ducts, occurs throughout Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Vietnam with high frequency. Most of the infections follow the consumptions of raw or undercooked freshwater fish, which explains its rare occurrence to childhood even in those areas mentioned earlier above. The authors have experienced it with an 8 year old boy. Abdominal ultrasonogram revealed multiple low echogenic nodules in the right lobe of liver and lymph nodes proliferation around the porta hepatis area. And abdominal C.T. scan also found multiple low attenuated nodules with delayed enhancement in liver parenchyma with hepatomegaly and multiple conglomerated lymph nodes in porta hepatis. Both abdominal ultrasonogram and C.T. scan didn't show any dilatation of peripheral intrahepatic bile ducts. In repeated stool examination, Clonorchis sinensis eggs were found in feces and the result of the skin test for Clonorchis sinensis was positive. The patient had a history of having eaten raw pond smelt back in Cheongju a month before the symptom onset. On the basis of the patient's history and the fact that Clonorchis eggs were found in feces 3 weeks after eosinophilia and symptoms were noted, the authors estimated that the findings of the patient's abdominal sonogram and C.T. scan were the radiologic findings of the acute phase of clonorchiasis, of which no report had ever been made before. So the authors report a case of clonorchiasis with atypical radiologic findings in an 8 year old boy.