• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.32-42
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• 1996

Objectives : Upper airway resistance syndrome(UARS) is a sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by abnormal negative intrathoracic pressure during sleep. Abnormally increased negative intrathoracic pressure results in microarousal and sleep fragmentation which underlay UARS-associated complaints of daytime fatigue and sleepiness. Although daytime dysfunction in patients with UARS is comparable to that of sleep apnea syndrome, UARS has been relatively unnoticed in clinical setting. That is why UARS is apt to be excluded in diagnosing of sleep-related breathing disorders since its respiratory disturbance index and arterial oxygen saturation are within normal limits. The current study presents a summary of clinical and polysomnographic characteristics found in patients with UARS. The present study aims (1) to explore characteristics of patients diagnosed with UARS, (2) to characterize the polysomnographic findings of UARS patients, and (3) to enhance the understanding of UARS through those clinical and laboratory characteristics. Methods : This was a retrospective study of 20 UARS patients (male 15, female 5) and 30 obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients (male 21, female 9) at the Stanford Sleep Disorders Clinic. We diagnosed patients as having UARS when they met critenia, RDI < 5 characteristic findings of an elevated esophageal pressure($<-10\;cmH_2O$), frequent arousals secondary to an elevated esophageal pressure, and symptoms of daytime fatigue and sleepiness. We used polysomnographic value, which is standardized by Williams et al(1974), as normal control. Statiotical test were done with student t-tests. Results : (1) Mean age of UARS was $41.0\;{\pm}\;14.8$ years and OSA was $50.9\;{\pm}\;12.0$ years. UARS subject was significantly younger than OSA subject (p<0.05). (2) The total score of Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was UARS $9.7\;{\pm}\;6.3$ and OSAS $11.2\;{\pm}\;6.3$. There was no significant difference between two groups. (3) The mean body mass index was UARS $28.1\;{\pm}\;5.7\;kg/m^2$ and OSAS $32.9\;{\pm}\;7.0\;kg/m^2$. UARS had significantly lower meen body man index than OSAS subjects (p<0.05). (4) The polysomnographic parameters of UARS were not significantly different from those of OSA except RDI(p<0.001), $SaO_2$ (p<0.001) and slow wave sleep latency (p<0.05). (5) Compared with normal control, Total sleep time in UARS subjects was significantly shorter (p<0.001), sleep efficiency index was significantly lower (p<0.001), total awakening percentage was significantly higher (p<0.001), and sleep stage 1 (p<0.001) were significantly higher. (6) OSA patients showed poor sleep quality and distinct abnormal sleep architectures compared with normal control. Conclusions : Conclusions from the above results are as follows : (1) UARS patients were younger and had lower body mass index when umpared with OSA patients. (2) The quality of sleep and sleep architectures of the UARS and OSA patients are significantly different from those of normal control. (3) ESS scores and awakening frequencies of UARS are similar with those of OSA, suggesting that daytime dysfunction of UARS patients may be comparable to those of OSA patients. (4) The RDI and the $SaO_2$ which are important indicators in diagnosing sleep-related breathing disorders, of UARS subjects are close to normal value. (5) According to the the above results, we unclude that despite the absence of $SaO_2$ drops and the absence of an elevated number of apnea and hypopnea, subjects developed clinical complaints which were associated with laborious breathing, elevated Pes nadir, and frequently snoring. (6) Accordingly, we suggest including LIARS in the differential diagnosis list when sleep related breathing disorder is suspected clinically and overnight polysomnographic findings except snoring and frequent microarousal are within normal limits.

• Korean Architects
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• no.3 s.311
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• pp.112-113
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• 1995

부산시에서는 2천년대 국제화, 지방화 추세에 부응하고 문화의 중심센터로서 다원적 기능을 수행하며 문화예술 창작활동을 고양, 대중화함으로써 지역 문화 창달에 크게 기여하기 위해 금정구 문화회관 건립 현상설계를 실시, (주)일신설계종합건축안을 당선작으로 선정 발표했다. 우수작으로는 종합건축 건창안이 선정되었다. 본지에서는 당선작을 게재한다.

• 농업기술회보
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.25-26
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• 2011

교토의정서(Kyoto Protocol) 기후변화협약에 따른 온실가스 감축에 관한 의정서. 1997년 교토에서 열린 유엔기후변화협약 당사국 총회에서 채택. 선진국은 2008~2012년 사이에 온실가스 배출량을 1990년 배출량 대비 평균 5.2% 감축토록 규정. 한국은 의무감축 대상국이 아니며 미국은 교토의정서를 비준하지 않았음.

• 정보화사회
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• s.107
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• pp.75-77
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• 1996

위성통신에서는 위성에 실린 고가의 중계기를 가능하면 많은 지구국이 공용하는 편이 효율적이 된다. 그 때문에 중계기에 할당된 주파수 대역을 나누어 각 지구국에 할당해야 한다. 또 자동차와 휴대전화 등의 이동통신에서도 기지국과 이동기를 연결하는 무선회선에서는 다수의 가입자가 제한된 무선을 이용할 수 있는 것과 같은 방법을 사용할 필요가 있다.

• 월간산업보건
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• s.80
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• pp.42-44
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• 1994

VDT(Visual Display Terminals)작업자에게는 손과 팔의 근육골격계 장해가 흔히 일어난다. 이와같은 장해는 대게 설계가 잘못된 주위작업환경 및 심리적인자와 관련이 있다. VDT사용과 관련된 건강문제를 식별하고 평가하기 위한 개량된 방법을 도출하기 위해서는 다원적인 접근방법이 필요하다.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.8-18
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• 2002

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.89-90
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• 1997

• 전기의세계
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.391-397
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• 1985

Amorphous재료는 여러 원소를 혼합한 다원계재료로서, 원하는 특성을 얻을 수 있는 재료설계상 자유도가 큰 장점이 있다. 또 amorphous재료 만이 실현할 수 있는 특징도 갖고 있다. 그 제조공정이 비교적 저렴한 고로 부가가치가 높은 고성능의 재료르 얻는데 적절하며 그 기술은 이제 막 출발을 시작한 소위 emerging technology이며 그의 앞날이 기대되고 있는 것이다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Communication Sciences Conference
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• 2004.07a
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• pp.418-418
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• 2004

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Costume Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.29-29
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• 2003

20세기 후반 예술의 전반적인 흐름이 미적 다원주의와 해체주의를 지향하게 되자 패션에서도 이러한 시대적 조류의 현상으로 잔인하고 혐오스러우며 끔찍한 추의 미가 표현되었다. 본 연구는 현대 패션에서 나타나고 있는 잔혹한 이미지에 초점을 맞추며 이와 같은 양상이 발생하게 되는 원인을 줄리아 크리스테바의 이론과 적용시켜 고찰하였다.