• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.407-415
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• 2012

Pinus pumila, which occurs in the northeast Asia, is found limitedly in Daecheongbong area of Mt. Seorak in the South Korea. This population was chosen to study spatial pattern, genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure. There were 48 polymorphic and 30 monomorphic I-SSR markers. A total of 65 individuals which distributed in the study site (40 m ${\times}$ 70 m) showed weakly aggregate distribution (Aggregate Index = 0.871). A total of 40 genets were observed from 65 individuals through I-SSR genotype comparison. Proportion of distinguishable genotype (G/N), genotype diversity (D) and genotype evenness (E) were 61.5%, 0.977 and 0.909, respectively. In spite of the small number and the limited distribution, Shannon's diversity index (I = 0.567) was relatively high as compared with those of other plant species. Spatial autocorrelation using Tanimoto's distance showed that the genetic patch was established within 12 m. Based on Mantel tests, there was relatively low correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance. Therefore, it seems the P. pumila population was formed by many parent trees in early stage. For ex situ genetic conservation of P. pumila, the sampling strategy is efficient at least above 12 m between individual trees.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.253-258
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• 2015

In South Korea, Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel (dwarf stone pine) has been designated as a critically endangered species by the Korea Forest Service. We have difficulties in obtaining the seeds of P. pumila because P. pumila grows only in the Daecheongbong area (1550–1700 m above sea level) of Mt. Seorak and almost all of its cones are damaged by birds and rodents. For establishing an ex situ conservation stand of P. pumila, this study was conducted to figure out the effects of wet cold (cold stratification, prechilling) and GA₃ treatment on the germination of P. pumila seeds. After cold stratification (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 months), prechilling (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 months) and GA₃ treatment (0, 100, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 ㎎/L), seeds were placed on petri-dishes at 25℃ under light condition. The percentage of germination, mean germination time and the germination rate were investigated. The results showed that both of the cold stratification and prechilling were effective in improving germination performances. However, there were no significant differences in performances between the two cold treatments. Within each treatment, the germination performances improved with the period of treatment. However, after three months of treatment, the performances showed no significant improvement. The gibberellin treatment was also effective in improving seed germination of P. pumila. The percentage of germination reached 79.0% in the seeds treated with 100 ㎎/L of GA₃. However, the germination performances decreased at high concentration of GA₃ treatments (over 2000 ㎎/L). In conclusion, cold stratification (over 3 months) or 100 ㎎/L of GA₃ treatment was considered to be the appropriate method for seedling production of P. pumila.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.397-406
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• 1998

To investigate the structure and the conservation strategy of natural forest at Taech'ongbong-Hangyeryong Area in Soraksan. 45 plots(20m*20m) set up with random sampling method were surveted. Four groups - Quercus mongolica - Acer pseudosieboldianum community, Avies nephrolepis - Tilia amurensis - Quercus mongolica community, Abies nephrolepis - Taxus cuspidata community, Abies nephrolepis - Qurecusmongolica community - were classified by cluster analysis. High positive correlations were proved between Abies nephrolepis and Betula ermanii; Abies nephrolepis and Pinus pumila; Aies nephrolepis and Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum; Betula ermanii and Pinus pumila; Betula ermanii and Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum; Pinus pumila and Rhododendron mucronulatm var. ciliatum; Quercus mongolica and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Quercus mongolica and Qeigela subsessilis; Euonymus macroptera and Syringa reticulata; Euonymus macroptera and Viburnum wrightii; Acer ukurunduense and Euonymus oxyphyllus, and high nagative correlations were proved between Betula ermanii and Acer pseudosieboldianum; Quercus mongolica and Tripterygium regelii; Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Tripterygium regelii; Carpinus cordata and Acer pseudosieboldianum. Species diversity(H') of investigated area was calculated 2.1352~2.8016.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.202-212
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• 2004

The present study was conducted to compare of pollen morphological characteristics for five Haploxylon species in Korea using light microscopy(LM). The results are as follows; 1. Highly significant (P＜0.01) interspecific difference was observed in five Haploxylon species for their pollen morphological parameters. 2. The discreminant analysis based on the pollen morphological parameters demonstrated that the classification ratio of Haploxylon was 68.8 ％ ranging from 72.8 ％ of Pinus pumila to 62.2 ％ P. koraiensis. 3. The relationship among the species based on their pollen morphological parameters showed that P. koraiensis and P. pumila in Haploxylon were most closely related while P. pumila and P. bungeana were least related.

• Landscaping Tree
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• v.78 no.1_2
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• pp.8-15
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• 2004

소나무과 소나무속에는 세계적으로 90여종의 소나무가 알려져 있고 대부분이 지구의 북반구에 분포하고 있다. 우리나라에는 자생종으로 소나무, 곰솔, 잣나무, 섬잣나무, 눈잣나무 등 5종이 있고 도입종으로 백송, 스트로브잣나무, 리기다소나무, 방크스소나무, 만주곰솔, 구주소나무, 테다소나무, 대왕송 등 9종이 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.177-187
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• 2000

설악산의 교목한계선, 왜성변형수, 편형수, 포복형 나무 등 기형 수목 형태는 아고산대의 생태적 점이대에 나타나는 식생 경관으로 지생태학적으로 중요한 자연유산이다. 아고산대의 기형 수목 형태는 주로 저온, 강풍, 건조 그리고 적설 등 겨울 기후와 관련되지만 다른 계절과도 관계된다. 설악산의 눈잣나무는 세계적 분포 남한계선으로 생물지리적으로 가치가 높으며, 아고산 환경에 적응한 독특한 외관형을 나타낸다. 설악산 아고산대의 식생과 경관은 과거의 자연환경 변천사를 복원하고, 현재의 환경을 이해하고, 미래의 환경 변화의 영향을 파악하는 지표로서도 중요한 자원이다. 차후 환경 변화에 따른 설악산 아고산대의 식생과 경관의 변화에 대한 중장기적인 모니터링이 요구된다.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.379-392
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• 2014

This study was performed to predict the future climate envelope of Pinus pumila, a subalpine plant and a Climate-sensitive Biological Indicator Species (CBIS) of Korea. P. pumila is distributed at Mt. seorak in South Korea. Suitable habitat were predicted under two alternative RCPscenarios (IPCC AR5). The SDM used for future prediction was a Maxent model, and the total number of environmental variables for Maxent was 8. It was found that the distribution range of P. pumila in the South Korean was $38^{\circ}7^{\prime}8^{{\prime}{\prime}}N{\sim}38^{\circ}7^{\prime}14^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$ and $128^{\circ}28^{\prime}2^{{\prime}{\prime}}E{\sim}128^{\circ}27^{\prime}38^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$ and 1,586m~1,688m in altitude. The variables that contribute the most to define the climate envelope are altitude. Climate envelope simulation accuracy was evaluated using the ROC's AUC. The P. pumila model's 5-cv AUC was found to be 0.99966. which showed that model accuracy was very high. Under both the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the climate envelope for P. pumila is predicted to decrease in South Korea. According to the results of the maxent model has been applied in the current climate, suitable habitat is $790.78km^2$. The suitable habitats, are distributed in the region of over 1,400m. Further, in comparison with the suitable habitat of applying RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 suitable habitat current, reduction of area RCP8.5 was greater than RCP4.5. Thus, climate change will affect the distribution of P. pumila. Therefore, governmental measures to conserve this species will be necessary. Additionally, for CBIS vulnerability analysis and studies using sampling techniques to monitor areas based on the outcomes of this study, future study designs should incorporate the use of climatic predictions derived from multiple GCMs, especially GCMs that were not the one used in this study. Furthermore, if environmental variables directly relevant to CBIS distribution other than climate variables, such as the Bioclim parameters, are ever identified, more accurate prediction than in this study will be possible.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.401-406
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cone protective net and the variation of cone and seed characteristics of a unique and rare dwarf stone pine (Pinus pumila Regel) population in Mt. Seorak which is in the southern peripheral of South Korea. Iron protective net (50 mesh, 25 ${\times}$ 25 cm) was effective in reducing birds and rodents damage to conelet, thereby it was possible to safely collect seed genetic resources. Early July was observed to be the most appropriate season to cover conelet with Iron protective net. P. pumila have ovoid-triangle shaped, wingless seeds and indehiscent cones, seeds dissemination is mainly by the hoarding behavior of nutcrackers and rodents. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences among individuals within population, and the mean characteristics of the species were 35.3 mm, 25.6 mm, 1.38, 6.6 g and 39.3 ea in the cone length, cone width, cone index, cone weight and in number of seeds per cone, respectively. Coefficients of variations in seed weight and number of seeds per cone were relatively high (21.7%, 21.5%, respectively) compared to other traits. Based on the correlation analysis between cone characteristics and seed characteristics, the length of cone and seed showed a significant positive correlation with the seed size and the seed weight, but the width and thickness of seed showed a negative correlation with the number of seeds per cone.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.240-250
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• 1997

To investigate the structure and the conservation strategy of natural forest at Soch'ongbong-Taech'ongbong Area in Soraksan , 36 plots (20m*20) set up with random sampling method. Three groups - Quercus mongolica- Abies holophylla community, Acer mandshuricum- Abies nebhrolepis community, Abies holophylla-Ulmus laciniata-were classified by cluster analysis. High positive correlations were proved between Ulmus laciniata and Carpinus cordata; Tripterygium regelii and Syringa reticulata var. mandshurica ; Tripterygium regelii and Rhodo- dendron brachycarpum ; Carpinus cordata and Rhododenron mucronulatm; Wergela subsessilis and Rhododenron nucronulatum and High negative correlations were proved between Rhododen- dron schippenbachii and Euonymus macroptera; Betula ermani and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Tilia amurensis, Magnolia sieboldii, Betula costata ; Pinus pumila and Pinus koraiensis. Species diversity(H') of investigated area was calculated 0.8393~1.3431.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.327-357
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• 2011

This study compared the species composition and distribution of the forest communities between Korea and Japan using vegetation releve database. The study included the eastern and southern Korean Peninsula, Is. Jeju, Is. Ulreung, northern Kyushu, central part of Japan and Is. Tsushima and divided in fourteen region with major mountain as the center. Seventy-nine forest communities were classified by tabular comparison with the total of 1844 releves. In the composition table, fifty-four groups of plant species were listed. Some grew in one area exclusively, while others were present in multiple locations. This study showed the similarity and heterogeneity of species composition among study areas. We grouped fourteen types showing similar physiognomy for forest communities. The physiognomical features of the vertical vegetation zones in the study area were similar, however, dominant species and species composition were different between the regions. In the lowland zone, Castanopsis-Type dominated by Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii or Castanopsis cuspidata were distributed in the study area except for northern part of the Korean Peninsula and Is. Ulreung. Additionally, Persea thunbergii-Type was distributed widely in the lowest part of the study area, however, it showed the simplification of the species composition in the Korean Peninsula and Is. Ulreung. In the hilly zone, evergreen forest composed by Abies firma-Type distributed in northern Kyushuand Is. Tsushima, but it was absent in the other study region. The difference in forest community was conspicuous, especially in the montane zone. Deciduous broadleaved forests composed Quercus(D)-Type and Fagus-Type widely distributed in the montane of study area. However, forest community dominated by Quercus mongolica and Fagus multinervis flourished in Korea. On the otherhand, forest community dominated by Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata, Fagus crenata and F. japonica distributed in Japan. In the sub-alpine zone, evergreen coniferous forest composed Abies-Quercus(D)-Type, Abies koreana-Type, and Pinus pumila-Type were distributed in the Korean Peninsula and Is. Jeju. Forests composed Taxus cuspidata var. nana-Type, Abies mariesii-Type, and Pinus pumila-Type distributed in the central part of Japan. As a result of DCA ordination, evergreen broadleaved forests of the whole study area showed the lower scores along the first axis, while deciduous and coniferous forests showed the higher scores. The forest types of western part of Japan were located the higer scores, forest types of the Korean Peninsula were located the lower scores, and forest types of Is. Jeju located in the middle. Warmth index (WI) and Annual range of temperature in climate factor were highly correlated on the first axis. The first axis reflected the gradient from oceanic climatic to continental one. The higher the altitude and further geographically, the lower the similarity among communities and the peculiarity of community appeared stronger. The historical background reflecting local flora has strongly influenced on development of community.