• Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.106-106
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• 2001

목적： 일반인과 외상성 스트레스 장애환자들(PTSD)에서 동일한 공포 자극에 대한 기능적 뇌 자기ㆍ공명영상에서 뇌 활성화 부위의 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법： 대조군 (여자9명)과 외상성 스트레스 장애로(PTSD) 진단된 환자군 (여자9명)을 대상으로 하였고 모두 오른손잡이였다. 외상성 스트레스 장애군은 모두 교통사고와 관련되어 있었다. 1.5T MR 기기에서 EPI BOLD 기법을 이용하여 24개의 axial slice를 얻었으며, 시각자극으로 교통사고 현장 사진과 비교군으로 체크 무의 사진을 무작위로 배열하여 각각 1초씩 보여 주었다 (event related design). SOA (Stimulus Onset Asynchrony)는 3.5초로 하였고 전체 영상은 10분 동안 얻었다. 모든 환자에서 기능적 자기공명 영상은 1차례 시행하였다. 영상후 처리는 SPM 분석 프로그램을 사용하였으며 황성화 신호의 유의수준은 p=0.01을 기준으로 활성화 영상을 얻었다. 활성화 신호를 육안으로 비교 분석하였고 해마, 편도핵, 전전두엽의 활성화 정도를 중심으로 평가하였다.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

The effect of the developed symmetric upper extremity motion trainer on the cortical activation pattern was investigated in three chronic hemiparetic patients using both fMRI and Fugl-Meyer test. The training program was performed at 1 hr/day, 5 days/week during 6 weeks. Fugl-Meyer tests were performed every two weeks during the training. fMRI was performed at 3T scanner with wrist flexion-extension in two different tasks before and after the training program: the only unaffected hand movement (Task 1) and passive movements of affected hand by the active movement of unaffected hand (Task 2). fMRI studies in Task 1 showed that cortical activations decreased in ipsilateral SMC but increased in contralateral SMC. Task 2 showed cortical reorganizations in bilateral SMC, PMA and SMA. Therefore, it seems that the cortical reorganization in chronic hemiparetic patients can be induced by the training with the developed symmetric upper extremity motion trainer.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.241-252
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• 2004

Purpose: Population based structural and functional maps of the brain provide effective tools for the analysis and interpretation of complex and individually variable brain data. Brain MRI and PET standard templates and statistical probabilistic maps based on image data of Korean normal volunteers have been developed and probabilistic maps based on cytoarchitectonic data have been introduced. A quantification method using these data was developed for the objective assessment of regional intensity in the brain images. Materials and Methods: Age, gender and ethnic specific anatomical and functional brain templates based on MR and PET images of Korean normal volunteers were developed. Korean structural probabilistic maps for 89 brain regions and cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps for 13 Brodmann areas were transformed onto the standard templates. Brain FDG PET and SPGR MR images of normal volunteers were spatially normalized onto the template of each modality and gender. Regional uptake of radiotracers in PET and gray matter concentration in MR images were then quantified by averaging (or summing) regional intensities weighted using the probabilistic maps of brain regions. Regionally specific effects of aging on glucose metabolism in cingulate cortex were also examined. Results: Quantification program could generate quantification results for single spatially normalized images per 20 seconds. Glucose metabolism change in cingulate gyrus was regionally specific: ratios of glucose metabolism in the rostral anterior cingulate vs. posterior cingulate and the caudal anterior cingulate vs. posterior cingulate were significantly decreased as the age increased. 'Rostral anterior'/'posterior' was decreased by 3.1% per decade of age ($P<10^{-11}$, r=0.81) and 'caudal anterior'/'posterior' was decreased by 1.7% ($P<10^{-8}$, r=0.72). Conclusion: Ethnic specific standard templates and probabilistic maps and quantification program developed in this study will be useful for the analysis of brain image of Korean people since the difference in shape of the hemispheres and the sulcal pattern of brain relative to age, gender, races, and diseases cannot be fully overcome by the nonlinear spatial normalization techniques.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2004

SPM has been widely applied for comparison studios of the functional image data among groups of patients or individuals under different conditions and these images are from people ranging from children to adults. However, the analysis of children's brain images by using SPM can make children's brain images normalized to an adult's template image and this can result in some errors. So this study created the children's mean MR images based on the Magnetic Resonance Images of 36 normal children (age: 2～6, average age: 4.36, SD age: 1.41, M/F: 17/19), and the children's mean SPECT images by using SPECT images of 13 normal children (age: 2～6, average age: 4.80, SD age: 1.17, M/F: 10/3). We created the Korean children's brain template image, based on those mean images, and then we compared between the positions of the clusters, based on the blood flow, by normalizing ADHD children's SPECT image to Korean children's template image and SPM adult's template image. As a result of the analysis, the variation of the cluster positions was found to be a maximum of 25 ㎜. Therefore, we should be aware that we need to consider the template image and the p-value when we analyze the chlidren's brain image by using SPM.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.277-289
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• 2009

Recently, functional MRI has been used to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms of acupuncture and the specificity of acupoint. The group data tend to be regarded as more important than the individual data in the most of previous studies. This study was designed to investigate the effect of the variability of individual data on the group results. A functional MRI (fMRI) of the whole brain was performed in fifteen healthy subjects during placebo and acupuncture stimulations at the ST36 acupoint. After remaining at rest for 30 seconds, the acupuncture was inserted and twisted at the rate of 2 Hz for 45 seconds and then the acupuncture was removed immediately. This process was repeated three times. Individual and group analyses were performed by voxel-based analyses using SPM2 software. Visual inspections of the activation and deactivation maps from individual sessions have shown the large variability across fifteen subjects. This means that the group data reflected the brain activation responses of only a few subjects. We suggest that the individual data should be presented to demonstrate the effect of acupuncture.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1111-1115
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 일반 공기 중의 산소 농도(21％) 환경에 비해 외부에서 고 농도(30％)의 산소 공급이 인지 능력 중 특히 언어 능력에 어떠한 변화를 유발하는지 관찰하고자 한다. 9명의 오른 손잡이 남자 대학생을 본 연구의 실험 참여자로 선정하였다. 21％와 30％ 산소 농도를 각각 8L/min의 양으로 일정하게 공급할 수 있는 장치를 개발하여, 마스크를 통하여 실험 참여자에게 전달하면서 언어 과제를 수행하게 하였다. 동시에 3T MRI를 이용하여 뇌기능 영상을 획득하였다. 언어 능력 측정을 위해 28 문항을 포함하는 두 개의 문제지를 제작하였고, 과제 수행 결과로부터 정답률을 산출하였다. 21％에 비해 30％ 산소 농도에서 평균 정답률은 유의미한 증가를 하였고, 뇌 활성화 양도 증가하였다. 본 연구의 결과로부터 외부에서의 고농도의 산소 공급이 언어 능력 증가에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 결론을 도출할 수 있다.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.425-432
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• 2009

The purposes of the study were to examine cerebellar areas and lateralization responsible for visuospatial and verbal tasks using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging(fMRI). Eight healthy male college students($21.5\;{\pm}\;2.3$ years) and eight male college students($23.3\;{\pm}\;0.5$ years) participated in this fMRI study of visuospatial and verbal tasks, respectively. Functional brain images were taken from 3T MRI using the single-shot EPI method. All functional images were aligned with anatomical images using affine transformation routines built into SPM99. The experiment consisted of four blocks. Each block included a control task(1 minute) and a cognitive task(1 minute). A run was 8 minutes long. Using the subtraction procedure, activated areas in the cerebellum during the visuospatial and verbal tasks were color-coded by t-score. A cerebellar lateralization index was calculated for both cognition tasks using number of activated voxels. The activated cerebellar regions during the both cognition tasks of this study agree with previous results. Since the number of activated voxels of the left and right cerebellar hemisphere was almost same, there was no cerebellar lateralization for both cognition tasks.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1994 no.12
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• pp.18-21
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• 1994

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1995 no.05
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• pp.230-232
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• 1995

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.232-243
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• 2002

Purpose: We studied whether brain perfusion SPECT is useful in the psychiatric disability evaluation of patients with chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). Materials and Methods: Sixty-nine patients (M:F=58:11, age $39{\pm}14$ years) who underwent Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT, brain MRI and neuropsychological (NP) tests during hospitalization in psychiatric wards for the psychiatric disability evaluation were included; the severity of injury was mild in 31, moderate in 17 and severe in 21. SPECT, MRI, NP tests were peformed $6{\sim}61$ months (mean 23 months) post-injury. Diagnostic accuracy of SPECT and MRI to show hypoperfusion or abnormal signal intensity in patients with cognitive impairment represented by NP test results were compared. Results: Forty-two patients were considered to have cognitive impairment on NP tests and 27 not. Brain SPECT showed 71% sensitivity and 85% specificity, while brain MRI showed 62% sensitivity and 93% specificity (p>0.05, McNemar test). SPECT found more cortical lesions and MRI was superior in detecting white matter lesions. Sensitivity and specificity of 31 mild TBI patients were 45%, 90% for SPECT and 27%, 100% for MRI (p>0.05, McNemar test). Among 41 patients with normal brain MRI, SPECT showed 63% sensitivity (50% for mild TBI) and 88% specificity (85% for malingerers). Conclusion: Brain SPECT has a supplementary role to neuropsychological tests in the psychiatric disability evaluation of chronic TBI patients by detecting more cortical lesions than MRI.