• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2 s.70
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• pp.34-43
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• 2007

Objective : The purpose of this study is to report improvement after application of herbal medicine (Soshiho-tang) treatment to a patient who has Parkinson's disease with pontine infarction. Methods : We treated the patient with acupuncture and herbal medication (Soshiho-tang). Results : We have experienced one case of patient who has Parkinson's disease with pontine infarction. This case improved significantly through herbal medication (Soshiho-tang) treatment. Conclusions : This study suggests herbal medication (Soshiho-tang) is effective for the improvement of the symptoms of a patient's who has Parkinson's disease with pontine infarction.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2002

Central pontine myelinolysis(CPM) and Extrapontine myelinolysis(EPM) are uncommon neurologic disorders associated with osmotic inequality between the extracellular fluid compartment and intracellular fluid compartment in the brain. Myelinolysis can occur in hyponatremia and after rapid correction of hyponatremia. It may be caused by various metabolic disturbances such as chronic alcoholism, malnourishment, cancer, chronic renal failure and organ transplantation. The authors reported a 43-year-old male patient who have received a kidney transplantation because of chronic renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy. The patient manifested psychotic symptoms such as delusion, loosened association, hallucination, inappropriate affect and aggressiveness as a sequele of CPM and EPM. He also showed neurocognitive impairment such as disorientation, memory impairment, decresed intelligence and aphasia. These manifestations are rare in CPM and EPM. We discuss the clinical features, diagnosis, course and management of the patient which may be clinically significant in the neuropsychiatric aspect especially at the consultation-liaison field.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 1988

출생직후부터 새끼쥐에 유발시킨 납중독이 중추의 특정 신경계에 미치는 신경독성의 선택성 여부를 알아보고자 하였다. 특정 신경계의 한 예로 모노아민성 신경계를 선택하여 납중독의 지표로 모노아민성 신경계의 효소인 MAO (mono-amine oxidase)의활성을 측정하였으며, 비특정 조직의 지표로 Na+K+-ATPase의 활성을 측정하였다. Wistar계의 흰쥐에서 태어난 새끼들에게 출생직후부터 전실험기간을 통해 0.05% 혹은 0.2% 초산납 (PbAc2)용액을 식수로 공급하여 납중독을 유발시켰다. 생후 2, 4, 6 및 8주된 새끼쥐의 MAO 및 Na+K+-ATPase활성을 대뇌, 간뇌, 중뇌, 뇌교-연수 및 다섯부위에서 각기 측정하였다.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.72-84
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• 1987

어미쥐에 유발시킨 납중독이 새끼쥐의 특정 중추신경계에 미치는 신경독성의 선택성 여부를 알아보고자 하였다. 특정 신경계의 한 예로 모노아민성 신경계를 선택하여 납중독의 지표로 모노아민성 신경계의 효소인 MAO(monoamine oxidase)의 활성을 측정하였으며 비특정조직에의 지표로 Na+.K+-ATPase의 활성을 측정하였다. 임신한 Wistar계 어미쥐에게 임신전기간에 걸쳐 0.05 혹은 0.2% 초산납(PbAc2)용액을 식수로 공급하여 간접적으로 태아에 납중독을 유발시켰다. 새끼쥐는 출생직후 정상 식수를 공급해 주었다. 2, 4, 6 및 8주된 새끼쥐의 MAO 및 Na+.K+-ATPase활성을 대뇌, 간뇌, 중뇌, 뇌교-연수 및 소뇌 등 다섯부위에서 각기 측정하였다.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.639-647
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• 2009

Objective : This study was case report to show the good effects of herbal medicine (Daekumeum-ja) and acupuncture complex therapy for central pontine myelinolysis (CPM). Method : A 44-year-old man suffering from CPM was chronic alcoholic without electrolyte disturbance. He showed symptoms of dysarthria, dysphagia, dizziness, weakness of lower extremities and gait disturbance. CPM was diagnosed at his former hospital by MR imaging. He had no positive response to western treatments. We treated the patient with herbal extract (Daekumeum-ja) and acupuncture. Results : After our treatments, there was no change of Brain CT. But overall symptoms of CPM were improved. Conclusion : This study suggests that herbal medicine (Daekumeum-ja) and acupuncture complex therapy is probably effective in the treatment of CPM.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.167-172
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• 1988

One and a half syndrome is an ipsilateral gaze paresis or palsy combined with an internuclear opthalmoplegia on controlateral gaze. The lesion site is at the paramedian pontine reticular formation and the adjacent MLF. The common causes are unilateral pontine infarction and multiple sclerosis. We experienced a case of one and a half syndrome which has a suspected small pontine infarct.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.684-687
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• 2000

Primary anaplastic oligodendroglioma in brain stem is extremely rare. The authors present a case of a anaplastic oligodendroglioma arising from pons. A 29 year-old male patient was admitted because of cranial nerve palsy and visual disturbance. Neurological examination revealed bilateral sixth and left seventh cranial nerve plasies. Near-total resection of tumor mass was performed through midline suboccipital appraoch. Tumor was not related with choroid plexus and major vessels but it was firmly attached to the fourth ventricle floor. Tumor was considered to be arised from the tegmental portion of pons, growing dorsally into the 4th ventricle. Hitopathological exmination revealed primary anaplastic oligodendroglioma. Postoperative course was uneventful. The authors believe that this type of tumor with dorsally growing pattern can be successfully resected without major neurological deficit.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 2002

The human polyomavirus JC virus is the etiologic agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The JC virus early promoter directs cell-specific expression of the viral replication factor large T antigen, thus transcriptional regulation constitutes a major mechanism of glial tropism in PML. Here we found that pentanucleotide sequence immediately upstream of the TATA sequence functions as a cell-specific silencer in the JC virus transcription. In vitro binding studies showed that synthetic oligonucleotides spanning a pentanucleotide sequence, designated "oligo 2", interacts with nuclear proteins from non-glial cells in a cell-specific manner. Furthermore, the sequence preferentially repressed the heterologous thymidine kinase promoter activity in non-glial cells. We also tested whether JC virus transcription is controlled by DNA methylation. Transient transfection of in vitro methylated JC virus promoter abolished transcription in both the glial and non-glial cells. The repression fold was much larger in glial cells than in non-glial cells. Taken together, this finding suggests that glial cell-specific expression of the JC virus is controlled by DNA methylation as well as cell-specific silencers.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2009

Purpose: We investigated quantification of dopaminergic transporter (DAT) and serotonergic transporter (SERT) on $^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT for differentiating between multiple systemic atrophy (MSA) and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). Materials and Methods: N-fluoropropyl-$2{\beta}$-carbomethoxy-$3{\beta}$-4-[$^{123}I$]-iodophenylnortropane SPECT ($^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT) was performed in 8 patients with MSA (mean age: $64.0{\pm}4.5yrs$, m:f=6:2), 13 with early IPD (mean age: $65.5{\pm}5.3yrs$, m:f=9:4), and 12 healthy controls (mean age: $63.3{\pm}5.7yrs$, m:f=8:4). Standard regions of interests (ROls) of striatum to evaluate DAT, and hypothalamus and midbrain for SERT were drawn on standard template images and applied to each image taken 4 hours after radiotracer injection. Striatal specific binding for DAT and hypothalamic and midbrain specific binding for SERT were calculated using region/reference ratio based on the transient equilibrium method. Group differences were tested using ANOVA with the postHoc analysis. Results: DAT in the whole striatum and striatal subregions were significantly decreased in both patient groups with MSA and early IPD, compared with healthy control (p<0.05 in all). In early IPD, a significant increase in the uptake ratio in anterior and posterior putamen and a trend of increase in caudate to putamen ratio was observed. In MSA, the decrease of DAT was accompanied with no difference in the striatal uptake pattern compared with healthy controls. Regarding the brain regions where $^{123}I$-FP-CIT binding was predominant by SERT, MSA patients showed a decrease in the binding of $^{123}I$-FP-CIT in the pons compared with controls as well as early IPD patients (MSA: $0.22{\pm}0.1$ healthy controls: $0.33{\pm}0.19$, IPD: $0.29{\pm}0.19$), however, it did not reach the statistical significance. Conclusion: In this study, the differential patterns in the reduction of DAT in the striatum and the reduction of pontine $^{123}I$-FP-CIT binding predominant by SERT could be observed in MSA patients on $^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT. We suggest that the quantification of SERT as well as DAT using $^{123}I$-FP-CIT SPECT is helpful to differentiate parkinsonian disorders in early stage.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2001

Purpose: The purposes of this study are to evaluate normal MR spectroscopy (MRS) data of the cerebellum and pons, and to evaluate intra-unit and inter-unit differences of the results. Materials and methods: Nine normal volunteers (mean age 23 years) were studied with two 1.5 Tesla MR units (A and B units). A total of four sessions of MRS study were performed with two sessions in ea.ch MR unit in each volunteer. In each session, MRS data were obtained from bilateral cerebellar hemisphere and pons. MRS was performed using spin-echo single voxel technique with repetition time of 2000 ms, echo time of 288ms and 128 averagings. Voxel size was $2{\;}{\times}{\;}2{\;}{\times}{\;}1.5{\;}cm$ in the cerebellum and $1.5{\;}{\times}{\;}1.5{\;}{\times}{\;}1.5{\;}cm$ in the pons. Metabolite ratios of NAA/Cho, NAAcCr, NAAc(Cho+Cr) and Cr/Cho (both peak heights and the peak areas) were compared among the results of four sessions of MRS for evaluation of intra-unit and inter-unit differences. Results: In the cerebellum, mean (SO values of peak height NAA/Cho, NAA/Cr, NAA/(Cho+Cr) and Cr/Cho ratios obtained in the first session of A unit were $1.08{\pm}O.16,{\;}1.44{\pm}O.286,{\;}0.61{\pm}O.09{\;}and{\;}O.76{\pm}0.13$, respectively. Comparing with the results of the second session, intra-unit differences were 3-7%. In B unit intra-unit differences were 1-9%, except for 22% of Cr/Cho ratio. Inter-unit differences between A and B units were 1-26%. In the pons, mean ISD values of peak height NANCho, NANCr, NANICho + Cr) and Cr/Cho ratios obtained in the first session of A unit were $1.51{\pm}O.35,{\;}3.35{\pm}O.78,{\;}1.02{\pm}0.16{\;}and{\;}0.47{\pm}O.14$, respectively. Mean NAAfCho, NANCr and NAAI(Cho+ Cr} ratios of the pons were significantly higher than those of the cerebellum. Intra-unit differences were 2-21 % in A unit and 4-18 % in B unit. Inter-unit differences between A and B units were 1-18%. The mean values obtained by using peak area were generally higher and wider in range than those of peak height in both units. Conclusion: Mean NAAfCho, NAAlCr and NAAf(Cho+Cr) ratios of the cerebellum were significanHy lower than those of the pons. Intra-unit differences of most metabolites ratios were generally not significant, whereas inter-unit differences were greater than intra-unit differences in more metabolite ratios. Therefore, normal MRS data of the cerebellum and the pons should be obtained in every MR unit, before MRS applications in the diseases of the cerebellum and the pons.